American Apparel - Essay free essay sample

Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Weapon Control - Research Paper Example As is nevertheless common and expected in any energetic majority rule government, the issue of weapon control has pulled in much attestations for and against it. In the event that on the one side there are individuals and gatherings who bolster the sacred option to carry weapons, guaranteeing that the regular residents do require firearms to shield themselves and their friends and family from wrongdoing, on the opposite side there are residents who vouch for stricter firearm laws, as they affirm that firearms offer approach to much wrongdoing and savagery in the general public (Kleiman 148). Both the sides expand such contentions in their help that sound down to earth and practical. In a scholarly setting, it would be extremely instructive and intriguing to dig on the shifted contentions stretched out by individuals on the two sides of this flaring issue. The American lawful framework had its moorings in the English Common Law (Strauss 34). In any case, with regards to the issue relating to one side or privilege of the regular residents to remain battle ready, America has associated to a position that is extremely not normal for the roads accessible in the English Common Law (Strauss 34). As is obvious, the laws in any country, to an enormous degree, frequently have their beginning in the history and socio-political foundation of that nation. Consequently, passing by the recorded real factors in the midst of which America rose to be a free and sovereign country; the constitution of America reached out to its residents the option to remain battle ready. The option to carry weapons is cherished in the Bill of Rights and was ordered as the Second Amendment to the Constitution of America. In this way, it is obvious that in a verifiable and political setting, America subsidiary to a liberal and open minded methodology, to the extent the ke eping and direction of arms by its residents was concerned (Strauss 34). The incongruity is that differed social conclusion creators, lawful researchers and lay residents have encouraged changed and commonly opposing understandings of the option to remain battle ready existent in the Constitution. There are individuals

How to Make a Paper Longer the Smart Way

How to Make a Paper Longer the Smart Way (36) Meeting an essay’s required page or word count can sometimes be a struggle, especially if you’re juggling multiple papers or exams. In a pinch, students often rely on tricks like increasing margin size or making their font slightly bigger. Though these tricks do increase page length, there are easier (and smarter) ways to write a longer, high-quality essay. Making a paper meet minimum word or page counts doesn’t have to be an agonizing processâ€"you can add length while also adding clarity and depth. Here are 10 tips on how you can write a longer and a smarter essay, even if the deadline is fast approaching: Tip #1: Look Back at Your Prompt/Rubric/etc. If you’ve been provided a comprehensive prompt or rubric for an essay, read it, and read it again. Think about the following: Did you answer all of the questions in the prompt? Did you provide supporting evidence to back up whatever claims you made? Did you leave out any information that might increase the reader’s understanding of your argument? Did you meet all requirements (besides length) for the paper? If the answer isn’t a decisive “yes” to every question on this list, go back and revise. Tip #2: Go Back Through Your Introduction and Conclusion Often times, ideas evolve while writing a paper. If the first thing you wrote was the introduction, go back and reread the first paragraph. You might decide that you left out key information that aids the reader in understanding your argument. When looking back on the conclusion, make sure you’ve both summarized the main points within the essay and provided your reader with a solution to consider. If you don’t feel you’ve done this, go back through and revise the paper. Tip #3: Have Someone Proofread Your Essay Even if you’re short on time ask a friend, sibling, or parent to read through your paper, specifically noting any points they find confusing. Then, go back and revise the parts that were unclear, adding in more information to provide readers with further clarity. You have a more comprehensive understanding of what you’re writing about than your reader, so having someone else look over your paper can be a helpful way to ensure that you haven’t missed any important details. Tip #4: Use Quotations Chances are, you have already used quotes in your paper. Quotations are a great way to enhance your argument while also driving up a paper’s word count, but don’t add quotes just for the sake of doing so. If you’re short on words, read through your source materials again to see if you’ve missed any valuable quotes. You can also do a little more research to see if there are any other sources you can add to provide the reader with more evidence toward your argument. Longer quotes aren’t necessarily better, but if you’re really in a bind, you might want to lengthen some of the quotes that are already included. Tip #5: Review Your Outline Did you make an outline to plan the essay when you first started? Go back through that initial outline and make sure you’ve hit all of your intended points. It’s possible that you’ve left out an important piece of your argument that would both increase page count and make for a better essay. Tip #6: Include More Transitional Phrases Graders often look for traditional words linking sentences to each other, like “therefore,” “even though”, and “on the other hand.” Read through your essay and make sure the sentences flow smoothly into each other. If they don’t, go back and add in transitional phrases like the ones listed above. Your writing will be easier to read, and you’ll get closer to the minimum page requirement in the process. Tip #7: Read Your Paper Out Loud This might sound like a silly tip, but when you read your paper out loud, you become increasingly aware of any grammatical or syntactical issues. When you rephrase sentences to fix these, you might end up increasing the paper length a bit. In the process of reading out loud, you also might realize that you didn’t include sufficient details within a particular paragraph. If that’s the case, go back in and add more to increase length. Tip #8: Take a Break From Your Essay You’ve probably been staring at your computer screen for hours, hoping words will magically pop into your head. Take a break. Eat a snack, go for a walk, or talk to a friend on the phone. You’ll come back to the essay with a fresh perspective after some time away, and you might have new ideas after you’ve had time away from your paper. Tip #9: Ask Your Instructor for Help Most teachers, teaching assistants, and professors are willing to look over papers for students before the final submission date. If there is still time, ask if you can make an appointment to go over your paper or head over to office hours. Your instructor might offer tips on how to better answer the prompt, and this in turn may also increase the word count of the paper. Tip #10: Use multiple examples to back up your argument If you’ve only used one source or anecdote to explain a given point, find a second source to provide additional evidence for the reader. This method will help drive up a paper’s word count while also providing further support for your argument. Although hitting a minimum page count can sometimes be challenging, you can do it the smart way by increasing the information you provide to the readerâ€"there’s no reason to resort to tricks like increasing line spacing or font size. If you’re really in a bind at the last minute, you might want to break up some of your paragraphs. This increases length while also making text more manageable for a reader. But after going through the tips on this list, your paper should be adequate in length without you having to even consider spacing.

Raising The Minimum Wage - 870 Words

The topic of raising the minimum wage has many different viewpoints. It is thought to be affected negatively and positively. Some believe it increases unemployment and poverty. Others believe it creates jobs, helps the economy and low-income families by giving them more money to give back to the economy. Doug Hall, director of the Economic Analysis and Research Network and David Cooper, Economic Analyst at the Economic Policy Institute, expressed how the increase in minimum wage affects certain genders, families, education backgrounds, ages, and the economy (Hall Cooper, 2014). It is said that the increase mainly affects women with a compromising percentage of 54.5 (Hall Cooper, 2014). It affects at least 20 year olds and mostly white workers. The increase in minimum wage also affects workers with a college degree or higher more than those with a high school diploma. It also affects low to moderate-income families and those who work full time. Hall and Cooper believe that the rise in minimum wage will not cause job losses, but create jobs. They also believe that the workers will spend their extra earnings and those who make close to but higher than the minimum wage will, â€Å"receive boost in earnings due to â€Å"spillover† effect, giving them more to spend on necessitie s† (Hall Cooper, 2014). They believe this will help with economic growth. Holly Skylar, Director of Let Justice Roll Living Wage Campaign, which is an organization that seeks to raise minimum wage, believesShow MoreRelatedRaising The Minimum Wage? Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe minimum wage is one of the most discussed issues around the country. Everyone has a different opinion if raising the minimum wage would help families across the country to have a better lifestyle or if would cause an unbalance in the economy. Democrats and Republicans have a different view on this issue, while Democrats supports raising the minimum wage by $15 an hour, Republicans have stated that they refuse increasing the wage because it would leave different factions of Americans outside ofRead MoreRaising Minimum Wage912 Words   |  4 PagesMinimum wage has long been a topic that has brought on many heated debates. It has been said over and over again that minimum wage should be raised. These people say that raising minimum wage only does good for people. However, I, alon g with many other people, believe this is wrong, and we should instead be making moves to keep minimum wage where it is. Raising minimum wage may provide some positive effects, but those positives only go on to be overwhelmed by the negative effects caused by it. WagesRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage?1575 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $15 an hour is a heavily debated topic. Both sources against or in favor of the minimum wage refer to a â€Å"growing gap† between low-income workers and high-income earners. Sources against the minimum wage believe raising it will increase this gap, whereas those in favor of the minimum wage believe it will decrease this gap. The arguments in favor of the minimum wage rely mostly on ethical beliefs, such as â€Å"pay should reflect hard work,† to advanceRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage888 Words   |  4 Pages Raising the Minimum Wage The employment effect of the minimum wage is one of the most studied topics in all economics. Today, the debate over raising the minimum wage has been a hot topic after President Obama explained in his 2014 State of the Union address that he intends to raise the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 per hour, an increase of over 40 percent. While the President and his supporters claim that this increase would greatly benefit the economy and result in growing the businessesRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage?1122 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Raise the wage!† reads many protestors’ signs across America. Many people believe this to be the answer to the financial inequality that plagues our country. The federal minimum wage was established to keep workers from settling on a poor living standard (Leonard A.11). Since this was passed, multiple debates and issues have risen. One begins to ask the question, is this truly the best way to resolve the unequal distribution of wealth? Aft er research, it has been found that there are many drawbacksRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage1979 Words   |  8 PagesResearch Raising the minimum wage can result in job losses due to lower profits for businesses. It can also potentially decrease employee hours by changing them from full time to part time. Additionally, it may reduce the full time benefits that they receive. If this were to happen, then the employees affected will actually be earning less than they did before the increase. For example, from the Article Maximum Divide on Minimum Wage (Mejeur, 2014), they state, â€Å"Labor costs are the largest shareRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage1037 Words   |  5 PagesRaising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10.10 is not a good idea. The unintended consequences that would come about as a result is reason enough to shy away from such a proposal. Those who support an increase contend that it will alleviate poverty. Suppose these advocates are right and a spike in the minimum wage does reduce poverty for some fortunate workers. This positive development will be offset because an increase in the minimum wa ge will further price out inexperienced workers from the jobRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage?2447 Words   |  10 PagesThe minimum wage is defined as the lowest compensation, by law, which an employer may pay his or her employees. In the United States, this monetary value is set by a collection of laws on the federal, state, and local levels. While state and local governments may choose to observe a higher minimum wage than the national minimum wage, the federal government ultimately controls the income of the nation’s lowest-earning employees. At the federal level, the minimum wage was last raised in 2009, fromRead MoreRaising The Minimum Wage1864 Words   |  8 Pagespersevere, and really believe in yourself, good things will come. Drastically raising the minimum wage goes against all of those principles, rewarding lethargic actions and poor life choices. Raising the minimum wage to $15 will do more harm than good for middle class americans by decreasing the value of th e money in their pockets, driving out big companies, and generally increasing unemployment. Increasing the minimum wage causes middle class Americans have less money in their pockets to spend. RepresentativesRead MoreEffect Of Raising Minimum Wage1215 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Raising Minimum Wage The minimum wage in this country has been a controversial issue. Many people believe it will help reduce poverty and boost the economy. However, they are not looking at the downfalls this will bring to our country. This could make the unemployment population rise, it will raise prices of other things, and would have little effect on reducing poverty. Raising the minimum wage would have a negative influence on our country. This movement throughout our country

1OAkanji TMAllegory - 707 Words

Oluwatunmise Akanji Ms. Hudgins AP Literature  ­ 1 15 January 2015 Gregor’s Metamorphosis as Allegory An allegory is a story in which characters, events, and settings symbolize abstract or moral concepts from the real world. Using PASSAGES/QUOTES from the entire text as needed, explain the following allegorical connections to The Metamorphosis. In other words, explain how/when these ideas are developed in the text. QUESTION QUOTE FROM BOOK YOUR EXPLANATION CONNECTION TO REAL WORLD: Think of a real ­world situation that relates to this/these idea(s). The isolation of an individual results in a spiritual death that dehumanizes the lonely person. In what ways is Gregor â€Å"dehumanized† by his isolation?†¦show more content†¦To hell with that!† (Kafka, 1915) Gregor works with a company he does not enjoy because he wants to pay off his parents’ debt. He works somewhere which provides no benefits to him. Gregor is unhappy and stressed with his job as a traveling salesman and this makes him feel like a person that is being overworked. A banker who hates her job but does it to fend for her family. Hh

The Battle of Mexico City Free Essays

It is my opinion that the Mexican America war was one of the major factors that led to the Civil War. The war was fought as part of the Manifest Destiny mindset of the times, which led to infighting among the states. This infighting concerned whether or not the new states that were being formed would be slave states or free states. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of Mexico City or any similar topic only for you Order Now This struggle for a balance of power eventually set off the Civil War and succeeded in tearing our nation apart. I feel this caused more damage than Santa Anna could have ever imagined. Conclusion The effect of the Mexican American war is felt to this day in the United States. The Battle of Mexico city was a decisive battle in winning this war. This paper shows that the internal battles it set off were far mor long reaching than the arm of Manifest Destiny. References Bauer, K. Jack. The Mexican War, 1846-1848 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. , 1974). How to cite The Battle of Mexico City, Papers

Richard Essays - Richard Rodriguez, Cultural Assimilation, Hispanic

Richard Rodriguez Richard Rodriguez wrote in his essay, Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood, about the struggles he faced growing up as a bilingual Hispanic in American society. Throughout his essay, Rodriguez discussed such topics as assimilation and heritage. He goes into depth about the pros and the cons of being forced to assimilate to the American culture. Growing up Hispanic in America was a struggle for Richard Rodriguez. This was due to the fact that he was a Spanish-speaking boy living in an English-speaking society, and he felt like he was different than the other children. Rodriguez attended a Roman Catholic school where many of his classmates were the children of high-class lawyers and doctors. He felt out of place because he was a child of two immigrant, working-class parents. Assimilating to the American culture helped Richard feel more at ease among the other American students. In school, Richard spoke English, but as soon as he got home, Spanish was the language of choice. This had a positive and negative effect on him. By speaking Spanish, it helped Rodriguez preserve his own culture, but as a disadvantage, it yielded his learning of English. A few times Richard heard his parents speak English, but that was only in public. Rodriguez felt safe in his Spanish speaking home because it was familiar to him. English seemed odd and difficult for Richard until a few of Richard's teachers visited his house. They asked Richard's parents to encourage the use of English, by using it more themselves. As Richard began to hear English more and more, "the high, troubling sounds of los gringos" became unnoticeable to him(92). Learning English helped Richard to achieve many things. He began doing well in school, he made friends and he began to feel more comfortable talking to people. It also had a negative effect on him and his family. Richard stated, "I no longer knew what words to use in addressing my parents"(93). By speaking English so much, a gap grew between Richard and his parents. His parents mainly still spoke Spanish, and the children spoke English. He wanted to forget about his Spanish speaking days, and felt that his parents should also assimilate to the American culture. Rodriguez's change from Spanish to English, is one of the leading factors to his strong belief in assimilation. He feels that it is necessary to be assimilated to the culture you live in. This is due to the fact that Rodriguez had a harder time in life sticking with his own culture. As soon as he made the leap to the American culture, he began having a "normal" life. Although Rodriguez believes that assimilation is a necessary part of society, I would argue that family traditions and backgrounds are just as important if not more than conforming to a culture. I believe this is true because with assimilation, many lose their family background and heritage. Although I feel it is necessary to learn the language of the culture native to the region, I believe that people can maintain their native culture within another. I believe that Richard Rodriguez could have kept part of his Hispanic heritage and still become Americanized. Rodriguez feels that assimilation is necessary and because of this belief, he partially lost his family. He now has little contact with his parents, because he assimilated to a society different than his parents. The topic of assimilation is under much scrutiny today. Many Americans feel that they have a "supreme culture" and that anyone who lives in America should follow along with their beliefs, traditions and language. Americans have to realize that we are all made up of different cultures, backgrounds and races. No one culture is better than any other. Rodriguez stands strong on his opinion of assimilation of cultures as stated in his essay. This has its pros and cons. A pro of assimilation would be that it is quite a bit easier to live in a society if beliefs and traditions are the same. As I stated before, a major con is that your previous culture may be lost. Rodriguez demonstrated his point of view well through his writing. Though I don't agree with all that he has to say, I do believe that his argument was heard. Through his writing, Rodriguez stated not only facts, but also real life experience. This I feel is critical in writing a good essay, because then the writer truly knows what they are writing about. As stated before, the main point hit on in this essay was

Police Brutality

Police Brutality Police Brutality Police brutality has been a problem in society ever since we can remember. Even though police brutality is a subject people don't want to talk about, we have to realize that no matter what we do, police brutality, police corruption, racism, and politics are components of police brutality.Police Brutality involves police misuse of physical and mental force such as: the use of physical and deadly force, chronic verbal abuse of citizens including racist and homosexual slurs, and "discriminatory patterns of arrest" (Fighting 2). Each one of these problems is serious and very degrading to the law-abiding citizens.Police misconduct adds to a high percentage of police brutality. Racism, a big part of police misconduct, has become a major problem in the police force. Police officers have a tendency to harass the homeless, young persons, and minorities, among with many other groups of people (Fighting 2). Since the relations of blacks and police has been so horrible, it doesn 't make it any easier to decrease the problems of people being prejudice on the streets of today's United States (Cothran 58).South Australian Police officers wearing duty belt...Such conflicts have significant implications on departmental andadministrative policy procedures. One of the main police abuse problems isphysical brutality. The main goal here should be to get the policedepartments to adopt and enforce a written policy governing the use ofphysical force. The policy should restrict physical force to the narrowestpossible range of specific situations. For example, their should belimitations on the use of hand-to-hand combat, batons, mace, stun guns, andfirearms. However, limiting polices' actions will bring much debate,especially from police officers and administrators themselves. Many feelthat their firepower is already too weak to battle the weapons criminalshave on the streets, and limiting their legality of gun use will not onlyendanger them, but the innocent...

Japanese-American Internment at Manzanar During WWII

Japanese-American Internment at Manzanar During WWII Japanese-Americans were sent to internment camps during World War II. This internment occurred even if they had been long time US citizens and posed not threat. How could the internment of Japanese-Americans have occurred in the land of the free and the home of the brave? Read on to learn more. In 1942, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9066 into law which eventually forced close to 120,000 Japanese-Americans in the western part of the United States to leave their homes and move to one of ten relocation centers or to other facilities across the nation. This order came about as a result of great prejudice and wartime hysteria after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Even before the Japanese-Americans were relocated, their livelihood was seriously threatened when all accounts in American branches of Japanese banks were frozen. Then, religious and political leaders were arrested and often put into holding facilities or relocation camps without letting their families know what had happened to them. The order to have all Japanese-Americans relocated had serious consequences for the Japanese-American community. Even children adopted by caucasian parents were removed from their homes to be relocated. Sadly, most of those relocated were American citizens by birth. Many families wound up spending three years in facilities. Most lost or had to sell their homes at a great loss and close down numerous businesses. The War Relocation Authority (WRA) The War Relocation Authority (WRA) was created to set up relocation facilities. They were located in desolate, isolated places. The first camp to open was Manzanar in California. Over 10,000 people lived there at its height. The relocation centers were to be self-sufficient with their own hospitals, post offices, schools, etc. And everything was surrounded by barbed wire. Guard towers dotted the scene. The guards lived separately from the Japanese-Americans. In Manzanar, apartments were small and ranged from 16 x 20 feet to 24 x 20 feet. Obviously, smaller families received smaller apartments. They were often built of subpar materials and with shoddy workmanship so many of the inhabitants spent some time making their new homes livable. Further, because of its location, the camp was subject to dust storms and extreme temperatures. Manzanar is also the best preserved of all Japanese-American internment camps not only in terms of site preservation but also in terms of a pictorial representation of life in the camp in 1943. This was the year that Ansel Adams visited Manzanar and took stirring photographs capturing the daily life and surroundings of the camp. His pictures allow us to step back into the time of innocent people who were imprisoned for no other reason than they were of Japanese descent. When the relocation centers were closed at the end of World War II, the WRA provided inhabitants who had less than $500 a small sum of money ($25), train fare, and meals on the way home. Many inhabitants, however, had nowhere to go. In the end, some had to be evicted because they had not left the camps. The Aftermath In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act that provided redress for Japanese-Americans. Each living survivor was paid $20,000 for the forced incarceration. In 1989, President Bush issued a formal apology. It is impossible to pay for the sins of the past, but it is important to learn from our errors and not make the same mistakes again, especially in our post-September 11th world. Lumping all people of a specific ethnic origin together as happened with the forced relocation of Japanese-Americans is the antithesis of the freedoms upon which our country was founded.

Middle eastern humanities essay paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Middle eastern humanities essay - Term Paper Example These stories also reveal the different cultures of people. There are various ways to manifest love and show it to people around them. The story of Laila and Majnun is a story of love without bounds. It knows no limit. Their love for each other swerves dangerously between two opposing ideas of sanity vs insanity. The love they felt each other is so strong that they tend to forget who they are. Their thoughts are only filled by the object of their affection. It corrupts them of their identity. No other reasons are good enough for them to face the other aspects of life such as family, religion, society, and culture. Love made Majnun appear crazy before men and society. He idolized Laila so much to the extent of kissing all the objects related to her, such as the walls, seat and even her dog. His love blinded him of his identity as human being. He obliges to the commands of his emotions to pursue his Laila regardless of his physical health. For him, nothing else must be regarded but his affection to his Laila. He sets aside education, forgetting norms of society, and neglecting the love of his family towards him. In the same manner, Laila is bound in chains at the same height of love sickness as her lover Majnun. She sets her delight to him only. Her studies, social life, and family were all sacrificed due to her love sickness for Majnun. Her family kept her at distance due to the insanity behavioral tendencies of Majnun all because of love. The love of Majnun and Laila is a tragic one. They are both incapable of handling the emotional stress that love brought to them. They forget the other aspects of life that can make a person whole. They were carried by the strong current of their affection for each other. And when they are not granted to be together, life is equated to death. Their story ended up tragically. Majnun, remained in hope in the promise of Laila to come back to where they last parted. He forgets his identity

Real Estate Investments Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Real Estate Investments - Thesis Example What makes any investment funds popular Investment funds invariably have the potential of yielding fast, good returns. Real estate is invariably influenced by socio-economic growth and reforms. They are more flexible in terms of liquidity and lock in periods. A vigilant, prudent investor stands good chance of seeing his money grow many times over within a very short span of time. (Shravan Gupta) Regulated and unregulated open-ended investment funds exist in wide range and encompass an incredible array of products and service giving it a clear edge over investments in other industries. Besides residence and commercial purposes, globalization has added a greater dimension to real estate business making local properties available to any prospective buyer from anywhere in the world. Also, real estate is one of the basic needs for every individual and corporation. Hospitality, retail, leased properties, warehouses, restaurants, groceries, etc. depend on real estate to reside, carry out business functions, productions and trade. The demand for land and buildings increases with the growth of socio-economical standards, better infrastructure and stable governance. Development and redevelopment of properties are always taking place and builders are quick to scoop on plum projects ever sprouting ubiquitously at unlikeliest locations with surprising regularity. Realtors have their eyes trained on the virtually inexhaustible and lucrative properties development and redevelopment needs and know for certain for every unit of development there is a buyer waiting somewhere. In the process, it is win-win situation for all concerned except the skeptical, adamant and nostalgic resident ready to battle for status quo. In the circumstances, the cash flow is not only steady and but also shows remarkable rising trend. In deserving cases the government too steps in with tax benefits making the returns all the more attractive. Managers of investment funds ensure higher returns by spreading their finance across many projects. This insulates them against loss suffered by some projects where they have invested funds. This is a healthy strategy and serves as a bulwark especially when the industry is passing through a tough phase. (Assetz Funds Management) Except for insistence on some statutory or auditory recognition by way of normal precautions with unregulated investment funds, the investor can invest his funds with well established, reputed real estate companies. The possibilities of excellent returns exist and are not far-fetched. (Vineet K Vohra) Investors park their funds in schemes where they are assured of good returns within a fairly short period of time, and where they are comfortable in the knowledge that their money is in safe hands. Investments in real estate funds are made in the expectations of quick returns. Most of these investors are well informed in the affairs of the housing and accommodation industry, and in the current situation becoming global in their involvement and perspectives. (Unregulated Funds give Jersey a vision for the future) Equities of Real Estate Companies There are reputed, well-established

Symbols and Characters of Bread Givers. Essay -- Essays Papers

Symbols and Characters of "Bread Givers". One of the significant features of Jewish history throughout many centuries was migration. From the ancient pre-Roman times to medieval Spain to the present days the Jews were expelled from the countries they populated, were forced out by political, cultural and religious persecution, and sometimes were motivated to leave simply to escape economic hardship and to find better life for themselves and for their children. One of the interesting pages of Jewish history was a massive migration from Eastern Europe to America in the period between 1870 an 1920. In that period more than two million Jews left their homes in Russia, Poland, Galicia, and Romania and came to the New World. The heaviest volume of that wave of Jewish emigration came between 1904 and 1908, when more than 650 thousand Jewish emigrants came to the US. The Eastern European Jews fled from pogroms, religious persecution and economic hardship. We can learn about those times from history text books, but a better way to understand the feelings and thoughts of the struggling emigrants is to learn a story from an insider, who herself lived there and experienced first hand all the challenges and hardships of the emigrants' life. Anzia Yezierska's novel "Bread Givers" is a story that lets the reader to learn about the life of Jewish Emigrants in the early Twentieth Century on Manhattan's lower East Side through the eyes of a poor young Jewish woman who came from Poland and struggled to break out from poverty, from tyrant old traditions of her father, and to find happiness, security, love and understanding in the new country. The book is rich with symbolism. Different characters and situations in the novel symbolize different parts of the emigrants' community and challenges that they faced. The characters range from the father, the symbol of the Old World, to the mother who symbolizes struggles and hopelessness of the women of the Old World, to the sisters and their men, who together represent the choices and opportunities that opened before the young generation of the Jewish emigrants in the New World. The father of the storyteller, Sarah Smolinsky, is an orthodox rabbi, Mosheh Smolinsky, with rigid old-fashioned conceptions, who cannot or simply does not make an effort to realize himself in America and spends his days poisoning lives of his ... ...e them. And they, with all their education, are under my feet, just because I got the money." Through the lives of different characters the author tells about struggles and sacrifices that any emigrants have to face when they come to a new country and try to get on their feet. The first generation usually gains the least, because older people already have deeply rooted cultural traditions and language barrier that do not let them to assimilate and to feel fully at home in the new place. Just like Sarah's parents in "Bread Givers" the majority of first generation older emigrants that I know feel somewhat alienated and disadvantaged in America. Many of them were naà ¯ve and thought that America was a Golden Amadina where "money grows on the trees". Many were intelligent enough to realize that they were going to a tough land of opportunities where they would have to fight and struggle for a spot under the sun. But those who were realistic came here anyway, because they hoped for a better future for their children who could fully benefit from new opportunities, ethnic equa lity, and democracy that the New World had to offer. Bibliography: "Bread Givers" by Anzia Yezierska

Japan Vs Feudal Europe

The systems Presence of Feudal System Compare Feudalism developed slightly later in Japan than in Europe Contrast: Base of Feudalism European feudalism was grounded in Roman legal structure while Japan feudalism had as its basis Chinese Confucianism Evidence 1: Europe: the economic system of Europe is based on an economic system made of the relationships between the different classes in the hierarchal life in Europe. Japan: Unlike Europe, Japan's economy relied on Internal money flow.For the most part an Agricultural Economy Evidence 1: What the main Religion was Europe: Christianity Japan: Buddhism with Shinto Influence and Zen Buddhism Evidence 2: class differences and positions Divisions of Class and Rank Europe: King, Nobles (dukes, Duchesses), Peasants, Serfs Japan: Empower (acts as a figurehead) Shogun (has the power, Military Leader), Deadly (Each controls an area of land had Is master so his Samurai who are paid to work for and protect him), Samurai (Warriors who fought to pr otect their Diamond and people.They uphold a strict code of selflessness and honor), Peasants (farmers and Sherman, they were considered higher class than in Europe because they supplied food which all classes depend on), Artisans (people who were specialized in a specific trade), Merchants (Merchants were the lowest class and their Job was to trade and transport goods as well as shop-keep Europe: Unity of Church and State, Papacy Sometimes forced conversion Japan: In feudal Japan, state and religion were kept separate for the most part.Buddhism came to Japan 300 years before feudalism took shape. It blended with the native Japanese religion Shinto to for Zen Buddhism Japanese variation of Buddhism Reinforced Bushier values of mental and self-discipline Buddhist monasteries became very wealthy Conversion was never forced. Monasteries were centers of learning, charity, interpretation for the poor It was the country official religion throughout feudal Japan, but religious leaders did not try to control politics or society.This non-interference allowed the Shogun and Dynamos to rule while only focusing on the military and political aspects of their rulers The beliefs of Zen Buddhism were very popular among samurai since they followed beliefs of Bushier Evidence 3: Compare and Contrast in Warriors and their valuesWho they were, difference in training, attire, Position in society, role in the community, duty outside of warfare Bushier-values Justice or rectitude Without rectitude they will not be fulfilling the full responsibility of the samurai Courage Doing what its right no matter how scary Mercy Politeness (etiquette) Honesty Honor Loyalty Self Control expected to have not only the strength and skills to face combat in the violent Middle Ages but was also expected to temper this aggressive side of a knight with a chivalrous side to his nature. To fear God and maintain His ChurchTo serve the liege lord in velour and faith To protect the weak and defenseless To g ive succor to widows and orphans To refrain from the wanton giving of offence To live by honor and for glory To despise pecuniary reward To fight for the welfare of all To obey those placed in authority To guard the honor of fellow knights To eschew unfairness, meanness and deceit To keep faith At all times to speak the truth To persevere to the end in any enterprise begun To respect the honor of women Never to refuse a challenge from an equal Never to turn the back upon a foe Evidence

Using Analytics And The Decision Making Process Essay

Before our clients can get to a point of having a dashboard of KPI’s and metrics, it’s imperative to understand the problems and the reasoning for diving into analytics. As a firm, why do you want to engage in analytics? Do you have the full support of the firm to include analytics in the decision making process? What are some of the issues that can be improved through the measures of data? What are you specifically trying to accomplish? What is the quality of the data being measured? These are all key questions that need to be answered before engaging in any sort of analytics and reporting. It’s important to remember that a firm should not do analytics, for analytical sake. There should be a reasoning and number of problems that could be solved through analytics. If not completed properly, the use of analytics could be a huge drain to cash flow and influence decisions that could have a negative impact on the firm. This is where AC Lordi differentiates itself from the competition and competes with the ‘BIG 4’ accounting firms. We’re able to walk a client through a proper planning process at a cost that’s significantly lower than our competitors. We’re able to provide resources with the same analytical background and knowledge as those firms. We provide a structured framework to answer all the relevant questions, suggest KPI’s that can be measured in the industry and implement target ranges where KPI’s should fall within. The importance of set target ranges for KPI’s, willShow MoreRelatedThe Three Levels Of Analytics, Descriptive, Predictive, And Prescriptive1707 Words   |  7 Pageslevels of Analytics (Descriptive, Predictive, and Prescriptive). Give a brief example of how they might be used to solve business decisions. 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Companys Csr Sustainability Program - 1485 Words

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Deus and Kleos The Paradox of Glory in Homers The Iliad...

The Iliad is the story of hundreds of Ancient Greek heroes and kings seeking to take the fabled city of Troy. They embody the values that the Ancient Greeks valued. The charismatic Odysseus, the mighty Achilles, the wise Nestor, the royal Agamemnon all take part in the Iliad. The heroes pursue personal glory on the battlefield. Glory to them, is more valuable than their families, their lives, and form the very basis for their existence. The invincible Achilles, mightiest of the Achaeans, chooses to withdraw from the fight due to a loss of glory. Glory, the intangible, almost untouchable thing that even the mightiest of heroes sought. The idea of glory is the temptation of man, it leads them in an endless cycle of conflict and struggle,†¦show more content†¦When Achilles withdraws from the battlefield he pleads with his immortal mother, Thetis, to plead with Zeus to â€Å"grant the Trojans victory after victory till the Achaean armies pay my dear son back.† (Book I, li ne 607-608). Achilles forsakes the bonds of camaraderie due to the loss of glory and honor inflicted upon him by Agamemnon. Yet he lets his faithful companion, Patroclus, march in his armor. Achilles while pursuing glory and honor, lets a lesser man wield his armor, which often is used to symbolize glory. Soldiers often took the armor of the enemies they have killed as trophies. Achilles, while steadfast in his pursuit of honor and glory, willingly gives glory to his comrades. While Achilles is willing to let his comrades fall in battle because of an insult to his glory. He is also willing to part with his armor, a physical manifestation of his glory, to his dearest companion Patroclus. While Achilles is steadfast in his pursuit of glory, the bonds of camaraderie still bind him. Glory, Achilles’ greatest desire, still takes the second spot to his friend Patroclus. Patroclus is slain, and Hector, mightiest of the Trojans, seizes Achilles’ armor, a symbol of his glory. By honoring his comrade, Achilles provides himself with a reason to return to battle, where he earns more glory than before. While Achilles does lose glory from the loss of his gleaming armor, he regains it by slaying Hector

Meeting Learning Needs Case Study Free Essays

Meeting Learning Needs: Case Study In this rationale I intend to discuss â€Å"Why we do what we do† when it comes to Inclusion and Special Educational Needs (SEN). This will be a case study of a pupil with SEN attending the school in which I work. It will first outline the nature of the pupils Special Educational Needs and then critically examine how these needs are being met. We will write a custom essay sample on Meeting Learning Needs Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now The role of multi-agency approaches in providing support to the pupil and parental involvement will also be analysed. All children, wherever they are educated, need to be able to learn, play and develop alongside each other within their local community of schools† (Dfes 2004 p5), going further to state that â€Å"inclusion is about much more than the type of school that children attend: it is about the quality of their experience; how they are helped to learn, achieve and participate fully in the life of the school† (p25). http://sen. ttrb. ac. uk/ViewArticle2. aspx? ContentId=15915 (Accessed on 20/01/11) The case study I carried out was on Billy who is 9 years old, Billy was diagnosed with Autism at the aged 4 shortly after he started mainstream school in reception. Autism is a type of disability. There are many people with autism in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 1 out of every 100 people has autism. You cannot always tell that someone has autism just by looking at them. Autism lasts for all of a person’s life. But they can still do a lot of things and learn a lot of skills. The three main areas of difficulty which all people with autism share are sometimes known as the ‘triad of impairments’ which are Social Communication, Social Interaction and Social Imagination. The triad of impairments is the term that describes the difficulties that people with autism experience in differing degrees. Because all people are different, the way autism affects them is also different. To enable the setting to remove Billy’s barriers to learning we firstly arranged a meeting at his home with him and his parents and the Special Needs Coordinator (SENCo). At the meeting we discussed Billy’s learning and personal needs, at first we concentrated on Billy’s routine at home enabling us to see how he dealt with everyday issues. It is vital that we alleviate confusion and give Billy a sense of security. This will be done by preparing Billy whenever possible if his routine is going to be broken, someone will talk him through what is going to happen. We also intend to invite Billy into the setting to meet his new teacher, and will be providing him with photographs of the settings and his support workers to facilitate him in familiarise himself with his new setting. We have taken photographs to allow us to personalise the learning spaces with pictorial sequences, rule reminders, schedules and labels. A space in the classroom will be made available for Billy to work with his one-to-one support and peers where possible. By using these strategies Billy’s learning can be structured to support his need for routine. ‘Being clear and consistent is supportive to all learners in the classroom but will be essential for the child with an autistic spectrum disorder’ G, Knowles, Supporting Inclusive Practice (p. 16) I feel that it is very important that all children have the right to be included in mainstream school and where possible they should be able to meet there learning needs and the targets set in the National Curriculum. One of the fundamental principles of the Special Education Needs Code of Practice is ‘the needs of children and young people with Special Educational Needs are identified and assessed quickly and matched by appropriate provision’ (Department for Education and Skills, 2001 p. 9). I believe that it should be a collaboration between the teachers, the parents of the child and the child themselves who decides whether they would benefit from being in mainstream school or not. Extensive research studies have been undertaken to determine the effectiveness of integrating and including students with severe disabilities. Tornillo (1994) feels that, ‘teachers are required to direct inordinate attention to a few, thereby decreasing the amount of time and energy directed toward the rest of the class. Indeed, the range of abilities is just too great for one teacher to adequately teach. Consequently, the mandates for greater academic accountability and achievement are unable to be met’. http://www. sedl. org/change/issues/issues43/concerns. html (accessed on 30/01/11) During my research into Inclusion in mainstream school I found that, some parents of students with more severe disabilities are concerned about the opportunities their children will have to develop basic life skills in a regular classroom setting. They are also cautious about inclusion because of fears that their children will be ridiculed by other students. Its at this point I feel it necessary to state that Inclusion is not about making sure all children are taught the curriculum in the classroom, it is making sure that all individuals be they disabled or non disabled have access to the curriculum, and that learning is facilitated to suit their learning needs. The next step to facilitate Billy’s learning needs is to draw up an Individual Education Plan (IEP). An IEP describes the educational program that has been designed to meet that child’s unique needs. ‘An Individual Education Plan is an assessment, planning, teaching and reviewing tool which records specific learning goals, teaching requirements and review arrangements to help a pupil with SEN which are ‘additional to and different from’ those of most pupils, to make progress in key areas of learning’ (Dovestone, Cullingford-Agnew, 2006, p. 23). Each child who receives special education and related services must have an IEP. Each IEP must be designed for one student and must be a truly individualized document. The IEP creates an opportunity for teachers, parents, school administrators, related services personnel, and students (when age appropriate) to work together to improve educational results for children with disabilities. The IEP is the cornerstone of a quality education for each child with a disability. As stated in the SEN Code of Practise (2001) where possible, children and young people with SEN should participate in all the decision-making processes that occur in education including the setting of learning targets and contributing to IEPs, discussions about choice of schools, contributing to the assessment of their needs and to the annual review and transition processes. Following the initial meeting we arranged for Billy and his parents to visit the setting for a day allowing them the opportunity to assess the setting. All areas of the school were made accessible to them so they could see how Inclusion of all students is important too us as a setting. It is essential that Billy’s parents are involved in every stage of Billy’s integration into the setting as stated in the SEN Code of Practice(2001) ‘It is vitally important that schools welcome and encourage parents to participate from the outset and throughout their child’s educational career at the school’. In my setting we encourage parents to come to us with any questions or concerns they may have about there child/children and we persevere to accommodate their needs. It is vitally important for parents to be involved with every stage of their child’s education as Parents are the most important people after the child. ‘They know there child best and know what they want out of the staff and the school. ’ (As stated in my settings Inclusion Policy) It is our responsibility as a setting to ensure that parents are aware of the Partnership with Parents (PwP). PwP aims to ensure that parents are able to play an informed part in any decisions about the educational provision made to meet their child SEN and to build partnerships between parents, the Local Education Authority (LEA) and schools. WORD COUNT 1343 Reference List and Bibliography Department for Education and Skills. (2001). Special Educational Needs Code of Practice. London: DfES. Dovestone, M, Cullingford-Agnew, S. (2006) Becoming a Primary Higher Level Teaching Assistant: Primary Special Educational Needs. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. http://www. sedl. org/change/issues/issues43/concerns. html (accessed on 30/01/11) http://sen. ttrb. ac. uk/ViewArticle2. aspx? ContentId=15915 (accessed on 20/01/11) Knowles, G. (2006) Supporting Inclusive Practise. David Fulton Publishers Ltd. London How to cite Meeting Learning Needs Case Study, Free Case study samples

Leonardo da Vinci Renaissance Man Essay Example For Students

Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man Essay Leonardo dad Vinci: Renaissance Man During the Renaissance, the ultimate goal of a person was to excel in all aspects of life. Leonardo dad Vinci is dubbed the Renaissance Man because he dabbled and succeeded in many different areas. Leonardo is most famous for his paintings, which captured shadow and depth unlike any other artist of his time. He also made remarkable discoveries in Science and anatomy, two subjects that had advanced very little during the Middle Ages. Evidence of Leonardo innovative mind is left in his any notebooks full of inventions that were not actually constructed until modern times. Leonardo dad Vinci is the Renaissance man because he excelled in art, science, and engineering. Art was Leonardo earliest passion, and it is his most famous talent. At only 15 years old, dad Vinci was discovered in Florence by Andrea del Veronica and was offered an apprenticeship. He quickly surpassed his teacher and began his own career. Working under various dukes and kings, Leonardo produced some of the most famous paintings of all time. His works include the paintings Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, ND Adoration of Magi. Leonardo dad Vinci is still considered to be one of the greatest artists of all time. Although Leonardo was a very talented artist, it was his inquiring mind and scientific discoveries that set him apart from others of his time. Humanism sparked a new interest in the human body and anatomy studies. Dad Vinci was a pioneer in this field of study, and his interest delved way beyond the surface. In fact, Leonardo is known to have obtained corpses from local hospitals and dissecting them to better understand anatomy. By doing this, dad Vinci understood the human body better than anyone of his time. Leonardo dad Vinci was a great scientist who made great advances in the study of the human body. Not only did Leonardo dad Vinci question the workings of the human body, but also the mechanics of machinery. Dad Vinci invented many different machines, many of which never passed the blue print stage due to lack of resources and power. None the less, today many of Leonardo sketches have been built and proven to work. One of his flying machine ideas is actually very similar to todays modern helicopter. Leonardo eventually wrote the first systematic explanations of how machines work and how the elements of machines can be combined. Leonardo had an innovative mind that he put to use inventing anything from under ground traffic systems to flying machines. Leonardo dad Vinci excelled not only in the arts, but also in science and engineering. He painted some of the worlds most treasured paintings and made great strides in science. Also, he designed and engineered many inventions that were not actually achievement, making him the ultimate Renaissance man.

How to Set Up WordPress Heatmaps for Free - Track Clicks and More

Analytics is one of the most powerful tools  you have to make sense of your users behavior. However, staring at numbers day after day can get tiring, and figuring out what metrics to keep an eye on isnt always easy. Thats where WordPress heatmaps come in.Heatmaps offer you a simple way to track and analyze whats happening on your site. They do this by providing a visual overview of which areas of your website get more attention from users. With that information in hand, you can identify and fix problem areas quickly.In this article, well dig into what WordPress heatmaps are and what makes them so useful. Then well teach you how to set them up using the  heatmap for WordPress plugin.  Lets get started! A heatmap is a visual representation of data that uses colors to represent specific values. If you use a heatmap  to analyze a page of your website, for example, it will show you which areas are receiving the most user interactions (such as clicks).   The warmer the color, the more engagement a section gets:Red sections are the areas that get the most user attention on your site.Heatmaps can be powerful tools for  spotting issues (in design or otherwise), which  means you get the chance to fix problem areas on your site swiftly. Here are a couple of examples of how you might use a heatmap to improve your site:You can determine if your Calls to Action (CTAs) are getting enough attention compared to other elements on your pages. If they arent, you can always take steps to make your CTAs more compelling.Under normal circumstances, your navigation menu should always be a hot area. If that isnt the case, you should probably look into improving your navigation.As you can see, the real value of heatmaps lies in their ability to reveal  specific issues with your design or navigation.Before we move on, its worth noting there are two main types of heatmaps: those that track clicks, and those that analyze scrolling behavior. The first type is the most popular , since it provides you with more precise information  about what your users are interested in clicking on. Scrolling heatmaps, on the other hand, are useful if you want a birds eye view of your sites performance. They show you what areas are catching your readers eyes as they scroll down each page.In the steps below, well be focusing on a click heatmap tool for WordPress. However, you can always opt for an alternative such as CrazyEgg if youre looking for a scrolling map.How to set up WordPress heatmaps (in two easy steps)For this tutorial, were going to use the heatmap for WordPress plugin. Its one of the simplest heatmap tools available, and it comes with plenty of features. heatmap for WordPress Realtime analytics Author(s): HeatMap, IncCurrent Version: 0.5.2Last Updated: February 21, 2019heatmap-for-wp.0.5.2.zip 82%Ratings 79,593Downloads WP 3.1+Requires Heatmap for WordPress enables you to monitor activity on your site as it occurs and see how it changes between mob ile and desktop users. Its simple to set up, and you can get a free plan that supports up to five pages on a single site and an almost unlimited number of interactions. If youre looking to use  the plugin on multiple sites, there are also  premium plans available.Before you can configure the plugin, youll need to install and activate it. Then proceed to  the first step.Step #1: Sign up for a heatmap account and activate the pluginAfter youve installed the plugin, visit  the new heatmap tab on your dashboard. Youll see that it requires you to sign up for an account on heatmap.me before you can access its full features. Go ahead and do that now:The only caveat is that youll need either a Google or a Facebook account to sign up. Dont worry though –  once youre done setting up your account, youll be able to track your WordPress heatmaps from inside your WordPress dashboard.After completing the initial signup process, heatmap.me will ask you for your WordPress sites URL. Make sure you enter it correctly:Fill out the necessary fields and save your changes. Then, go back to WordPress and click on the heatmap tab again. Select  the Check now button, and the plugin should be ready to go.Step #2: Track your user activity with your new heatmap toolYou dont need to worry  about your WordPress heatmaps being difficult to use – heatmap for WordPress makes accessing them  remarkably simple. All you have to do is find the page you want to track and make sure youre logged into WordPress. If you are, youll see a new heatmap icon on your admin bar:Simply  click on that icon, and youll see colors popping up all over your content. Of course, if you just recently set up the plugin, youll need to wait for a while until visitors have  had time to interact with your site. For now, just sit back and let the plugin work its magic!ConclusionHeatmaps have been around for a while, but they arent the kind of tool you see talked about often. Thats a shame be cause they offer a very simple way to analyze whats  happening on your site. Using a heatmap will help you discover  which areas users like and which arent getting enough traction. That information is worth its weight in gold.All you have to do is install the heatmap for WordPress plugin, sign up for a heatmap account  and connect it to your site, and youll be able to access your new tool.

Should we discuss cyber communities as real communities Essay Example

Should we discuss cyber communities as real communities Essay Example Should we discuss cyber communities as real communities Paper Should we discuss cyber communities as real communities Paper The internet has become an everyday part of life for the majority of the contemporary society who have the technology and knowledge to access it, and as such new groups known as cyber or virtual communities have developed, living and growing on the world wide web, expanding simultaneously as is evident with real physical societies found in our everyday lives. Is it ok then to discuss these in the same context as each other, or are they entirely different incarnations of human interaction that should be separated and therefore discussed at different ends of the equation that is community? I want first to take a brief look at the history of the Internet, and how it offers the chance for cyber communities to develop. I will hopefully identify a framework for these cyber communities, which I will use to compare them against real life communities and then discuss the similarities and differences and so be able to draw a conclusion as to whether the two types of communities are able to be discussed in the same context. The Internets first appearance was in 1969 with the ARPANET computer network, run by the US Defense Department. The US Government was interested in creating a network that could withstand a nuclear attack. This system was the primary component of the super network that would eventually become the Internet. The first event of the Internet that we know today was in 1974, when Vint Cerf and Bob Khan defined the transmission control protocol (TCP) and Internet protocol (IP) by which information could be packaged addressed and sent to various destinations along a computer network. In 1983 this TCP/IP based Internet was launched across the USA, and has since developed to todays standards, of a global network of 43 million interconnected computers (Gauntlett 2000). Presently, Internet technology enables several forms of interactive networking among users, including traditional activities suggestive of geographic communities, such as town meetings, exchanging information, discussing problems, and informal chatting. Forms of these communities include; Email, Multi-user Dimensions (MUDs), Chat channels (rooms) Conferencing systems/ Bulletin Board Systems (BBS)/ Information Services. These are just a handful of the most popular communication techniques widely available on the Internet. Access to the Internet and these services is provided through commercial Internet Service Providers (ISPs) such as America Online (AOL) that offer a range of member services in addition to Internet access. The WELL provides a vivid example of the capability of online groups to facilitate sustained and meaningful interaction among members. ( harvardlawreview. org/issues/112/7_1586. htm#fn35 Accessed 23/04/03) The WELL is a large conferencing system, centered in the San Francisco Bay area; it was established in 1985 and has grown to become a vibrant online community where many topics and aspects of everyday life are discussed (Gauntlett 2000). Howard Rheingold has been actively interested in the topic of virtual (cyber) communities since the early days of the Internet and especially the topic of the WELL, I will use examples taken from his book The Virtual Community and other scholars of the subject to help analyze the idea of the cyber community and its links to real communities. At this point I would like to clarify exactly what I mean when talking about community, and what the definition of a community is in the context of this essay. I will use a simple definition, often accustomed to the debate about virtual communities. Aaron Davidson states When Internet critics speak of community, they refer to the definition of community as a group of people who live together in close physical proximity, I will refer to this type of community as a Classic Community. The more general essence of community is a group of people, which share a common interest. This more flexible definition encompasses both physical communities as well as more intangible communities such as special interest clubs and online communities (http://spaz. ca/aaron/school/online. html Accessed 20/04/03). This definition of community translates that a classical real life community is a group of people who are geographically local to each other and so form bonds due to location and not necessarily interests, such as street parties, or communal bonfires and firework shows. The non-classical internet community is when people group together in a non-physical text based platform due to a common interest on a certain subject, such as a military vehicle web ring or music group discussions. Taylor (1982) states the core attributes that are (or should be) possessed by all communities to some extent are, common beliefs and values, direct and many-sided relationships between members, and reciprocity and communication. While shared values and beliefs generally promote communication, the presence of communication does not necessarily result in shared values. This has a key implication for the creation of cyber communities as unlike real life communities people accessing them do so for the topic, such as health, music or films and through this shared affinity for the subject communication is initiated, while some might access purely for communication and not information, they are going to try and generate conversation within the topic range they are interested in (Rheingold 2000). I will now try to categorize a framework of characteristics that would be associated with a cyber community, and how these differ from their real life counterparts. I located several definitions from different writers on the characteristics, which an online community has, but they all seem to be able to be grouped together under five headings. The first is that they are spatial, in that they are not restrained by geography, the community is able to be built and developed not only on a national scale but more on an international scale now, and not just within the close geographical proximities experienced by real world communities. They are developed around an understanding or appreciation of a topic, which brings people together, which may or may not have known each other prior to the discussion, while real life communities are often forced together either through the location of residence or through working ties. Virtual communities such as the WELL for example grew within a region of America (San Francisco Bay) but to become a member you dont have to live in San Francisco to participate in the community and the building of bonds within it (Rheingold 2000). The second is that virtual communities are asynchronous, in that communication doesnt have to take place in real time, unless the community is built within a chat room environment, but even in this environment they often facilitate the use of a message board for users to access. Messages and information can be posted and replies received days later (Castells 2001). For sustained communication to take place in the real world at least two people are needed at the same time, even if not at the same location via telephone. Third due to the lack of data able to be sent the communities are predominantly text based. For decades, online communities were built with nothing more than unformatted text. Web-based media bring inline graphics, animations, video, sounds, formatted text, and links into the conversation, creating a more dynamic ability to communicate with other users, and therefore enhancing the community being developed (Jones 1997). Real life communities are able to be built not just on text (speech) but also through the use of paralinguistic features, these non verbal gestures help to add meaning, and the impact of a face to face discussion is amplified due to facial features which are not evident in the computer world, but can be expressed as text (Jones 1997). The Fourth characteristic is that they are astigmatic, in those physical attributes such as race, gender, and physical impairments, which would often locate an individual in certain social standings in real life, are not present on the c yber communities. Religion is also not an important issue in virtual communities. These aspects not only shape our social standing but can inhibit our involvement in social gatherings and communal events simply because we are not aesthetically matched, but in the virtual world these impairments, and characteristics do not affect our acceptance and do not need to be made public unless the individual chooses to do so. People whose physical handicaps make it difficult to form new friendships find that virtual communities treat them as they always wanted to be treated as thinkers and transmitters of ideas and feeling beings, not carnal vessels with a certain appearance and way of walking and talking (or not walking and not talking) ( eff. org/Net_culture/Virtual_community/slice_of_life. article Accessed 22/04/03). The fifth key feature of a virtual community is that the members of a virtual community are anonymous from each other, unless they choose to meet in person. Unlike in real life where face to face interaction leads to people being able to recognize outside of the community environment, while community members on the virtual plain would not recognize each other if passing in the street. This ability to remain anonymous from other users offers virtual citizens the ability to create their own virtual identity and mold their appearance as they see fit, playing out fantasies online (Castells 2001). This can be seen with a quote from the blockbuster movie The Matrix where Neo and Morpheus are discussing the Matrix and how it offers Neo and the users the chance to portray their residual self image, the mental projection of your digital self as Morpheus quotes to Neo. This is the same in a virtual community where members are able to portray themselves as they wish others to see them; whether truthful or false the anonymity provided by the virtual community allows freedom from physical flaws present in their real life personas (Jones 1997). That was the five key characteristics identified by many people as to what makes a virtual community different from a real life example. Another characteristic that is evident with online communication is the fact that it can be conducted on a many to many basis. This is different from the format of few to many associated with a broadcast, or one to one such as telephone conversation. Virtual communities offer groups of people the ability to communicate with many others simultaneously. A brief over view of the characteristics of a virtual community shows as that they are not bound by geography, but are bonded together by interests and bonds formed through these interests. Communication doesnt have to be undertaken in real time, and is predominantly text based. No physical or religious pre conceived prejudices are experienced as members are able to remain anonymous from each other in the real world and so any physical attributes or religious beliefs are made public to fellow members through the free choice of the individual. Finally communication can be carried out on a many to many interaction with lots of people contributing to the discussion if and when they feel they should. The difference between real life and cyber (virtual) communities are evident then, but is this the end of the discussion as to whether they should or shouldnt be classed as real? Possibly the most significant aspect of these more mainstream uses of the Internet is not their status as alternative communities, but the opportunities they offer for individuals to supplement their lives in real world communities ( arvardlawreview. org/issues/112/7_1586. htm#fn35 Accessed 20/04/03). Cyber communities are often seen and categorized in this way as an extension of our communal lives and that they extend our real life communities to new levels. Ray Oldenburg (1991) states that there are three essential places in every persons life, the place they live, the place they work, and the place they gather for conviviality. Virtual communities can fulfill the role of the third place re-matting the fabric of community spirit, which has been lost in the modern real world where community bonds are being eroded. The ability to network, gain knowledge, or find communion within cyberspace is, according to Rheingold (2000), the social glue that binds formerly isolated individuals into a community ( well. com/user/hlr/texts/VCcivil. html Accessed 22/04/03). I tend to agree with this finding that cyber communities do not stand-alone but are interwoven with our real life communal experiences, and so I feel to a certain extent they should be discussed as real communities, but with an air of caution when doing so. The key difference between the cyber and real community is the context of the plain they are built on, whether it being physical or virtual. They both exist together with real world topics being the basis for many of the interactions experienced within there cyber counterparts, further leads me to the view that they presently only fulfill the role of enhancing or communal lives in real life. The key similarity between the two community environments is the constant communication, forming links and bonds, however the initiation process in cyber communities is also different. In traditional kinds of communities, we are accustomed to meeting people, then getting to know them; in virtual communities, you can get to know people and then choose to meet them. In some cases, you can get to know people who you might never meet on the physical plain (Rheingold 2000). The point that cyber communities can exist as asynchronous is contested by Jones (1997), saying that synchronicity when users interact at the same time such as in a chat room, the occupants are less interested in the topic but more so in the individual doing the talking, less interested in text than in community. This offers the argument that not all communication on the internet is communal, and only the real time chat room environments when people discuss and form real time bonds with one another in quick fire conversations does the feeling of community really exist. From my experiences on the Internet and especially in chat rooms I would have to agree with this. When I post a message on a guest book or message board, I dont get a feeling interaction with others, but within the environment of a chat room I am able to build bonds, and return to them at later dates with a sense, if only small at first of knowing the other users of the room. Jones (1997) also accounts for this and the issue of free riding, where he quotes Ostrom (1990) identified free riding as the key threat to community formation and well-being, free riders being surfers of the Internet who do not participate in the community but simply use it for its resources. I have outlined here some of the theories and thoughts offered on the subject of cyber communities and I want to know draw them all together and conclude this writing. For cyber communities to be discussed in the same context as real world examples there is the point that they offer the user a sense of belonging, albeit a different one from the real world. They also incorporate a large amount of people, all communicating and sharing experiences with each other, which is the same as in the traditional physical communities. Cyber communities are built around a shared value or interests, you are able to choose to join the community or not, you are not forced into it through work or residence. This point offers the question of how strong the bonds are between the people, simply because they have a shared interest in a certain topic, the commitment to one another in the cyber realm compared to the real world is a lot weaker, as Jones (1997) states, in the book, Virtual culture. People who communicate via words on a screen dont necessarily share the same level of commitment to each other in real life as more traditional communities. Communities can emerge from and exist within computer-linked groups, but that technical linkage of electronic personae is not sufficient to create a community (Jones 1997). Howard Rheingold states brilliantly one of the key advantages of partaking in a virtual community, life will be happier for the on-line individual because the people with whom one interacts most strongly will be selected more by commonality of interests and goals than by accidents of proximity(Rheingold 2000). For the feeling of community to exist the key attribute identified through my study is the need for sustained communication between the members. I will use the following quote from The Electronic Frontier Foundation website to sum up the conclusion of this study. When a group of people remains in communication with one another for extended periods of time, the question of whether it is a community arises. Virtual communities might be real communities, they might be pseudocommunities, or they might be something entirely new in the realm of social contracts, but they are in part a response to the hunger for community that has followed the disintegration of traditional communities around the world ( ff. org/Net_culture/Virtual_community/slice_of_life. article Accessed 20/04/03). Therefore cyber communities are real communities, they are very similar, where links and bonds are formed in a non-physical environment, and that these cyber communities should be discussed in the same context as real life examples but not separately but as an extension of our physical communal lives.