Answer 2 question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer 2 question - Essay Example According to Schneider (2011), checks may be unsafe because merchants handling checks usually get access to individual account number, names, and other contact information that may make it easy to perpetrate fraud. Moreover, when checks are processed as electronic debits, merchants have access to personal account that may give them chance to make unauthorized deductions. In addition, compared to the debit cards that only require a four digit PIN, checks usually need signatures, which may be easily imitated by a third party. On the other hand, when an account holder or signatory to the check gets serious accidents that, they cannot sign the checks; it is obvious that the checks cannot work because there may be issues of mismatch in signatures. Not all merchants because of payment delays and possibility of bounced checks may accept checks (Schneider, 2011). Keeping accurate financial record may is very cumbersome and time consuming especially when dealing with cancelled checks because they normally leave paper trails that the account owner must follow in case of fraud or theft. Reconciling the bank statement with the canceled checks is not an easy task. Schneider (2011) explains that phishing has been rampant in the recent years as expert criminals turn to the huge amount of money involved in the online payment systems. The technique that involves committing fraud against clients of online business is common amongst financial institutions whose customers expect high degree of security. The basic structure of a phishing attack sees an attacker sending e-mail messages to several recipients who may be account holders at the targeted Web site such as PayPal or Skrill. The messages that also include some links that appear as the link to the login Web site, normally informs the recipients that their accounts have been compromised and that they should log in to the account to correct the issue. Instead, the links

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay Example for Free

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby has captured people who wanted and defined the American dream. The American dream according to Americans after the World War I is to earn money and get everything they want without exerting too much effort, being successful without doing actual work. Jay Gatsby has successfully achieved the American dream; he gained his success and fortune out of crime; he was prominent and well known among the socialites. Jay Gatsby had it all; all except the girl he loved. The value of Americans has changed after the World War I. People became greedier, people wanted everything without exerting an effort, so much like those who went to parties organized by Jay Gatsby. They acknowledged the wealth of Gatsby without thinking where and how he got it, all they knew was that he was a powerful person and they should join him in order to be powerful and successful. The ideal of having the American dream in the Victorian Era was to be an individual and to discover what ones purpose is different from the dream Americans dream after the World War I. People were willing to let others sacrifice in order for them to get what they wanted. Fitzgerald is trying to show his readers through his novel that the moral of Americans had changed and that their values were different from the past. He showed what

Is there evidence to suggest that CBT interventions work

Is there evidence to suggest that CBT interventions work This evaluative report critically reviews research based evidence on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions in the context of Criminal Justice. This involves evaluation of a number of studies which are part of the so-called What Works? agenda (McGuire, 2005) which aims to reduce reoffending and support probation supervision. It is found that the evidence for CBT is supportive of its use but that its effectiveness can be dependent on several factors such as relationship between the probationer and worker, while CBT programmes may mask the real life difficulties which probationers experience. Keywords Probation, offender, desistance, social context, research, what works, evidence-based practice Introduction This evaluative report critically reviews research based evidence on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) interventions in the context of Criminal Justice. The principle of CBT as an intervention is to change the offenders attitudes and behaviour by using cognitive behavioural techniques. These methods focus on considering and changing thinking in order to avoid patterns of behaviour that can lead to re-offending (Andrews, 1995). I am currently a Criminal Justice worker and have chosen the role of CBT as a practice intervention in probation for several reasons. The longstanding approach to criminal behaviour across criminal justice systems has been imposition via the courts of punishment such as financial penalty or loss of liberty. Whilst this delivers retribution, punishment does not necessarily reduce levels of crime (Hollin, 2002) and an alternative is offender rehabilitation for which there is room for development. This approach seeks to bring about individual change in the offender and to reduce the likliehood of committing further crimes. Studies reviewed are part of the so-called What Works? research agenda which aims to investigate how to reduce reoffending and support probation supervision. The What Works approach to offender rehabilitation has been written about since the 1980s and outcome evaluations indicate that this approach may have a small but positive effect in reducing reoffending (McGuire and Priestley, 1995). The What Works research literature indicates that cognitive behavioural interventions produce the greatest effect (Vennard, Hedderman and Sugg, 1997; Hollin, 1999; Cooke and Philip, 2000; Redondo, Sanchez-Meca and Garrido, 1999). In policy terms, probation in Scotland differs greatly from that in England and Wales. This has been due to political, legislative and cultural changes which have occurred in the last thirty years and more recently in 1991, the introduction of 100% funding and National Objectives and Standards (NOS). In light of these issues/factors, the specific question guiding the search for literature is Is there evidence to suggest that CBT interventions work in probationary practice? The search for evidence to address this question involved the use of databases ASSIA, Planex Cambridge and Discover. Specific journal databases were also consulted using word searches. These included The Howard Journal, Probation Journal, Criminology and Criminal Justice Journal and British Journal of Social Work. This search yielded the most appropriate and relevant research studies pertinent to the question. Literature Review This section critically reviews 6 studies. One reports on a Scottish study within which service users considered their ideal model of the social worker (Barry, 2000). Three studies were qualitative (Rex, 1999; McNeill, 2000; and McCulloch, 2005) while the remaining two were reviews of literature (Vanstone, 2000; and Stanley, 2009). The evidence is reviewed under several key themes. What contributes to the effectiveness of CBT? As an approach to working with offenders, cognitive behavioural modification presumes that people who offend are shaped by their environment and have failed to acquire certain cognitive skills or have learned inappropriate ways of behaving, thinking is impulsive and rigid as opposed to flexible. Cognitive difficulties are learned rather than innate in people who offend. The pursuit of effectiveness in the delivery and development of community based disposals has been observed over the last three decades. Although, there has been progress in what is effective in supporting desistance from crime through researchers, practitioners and government ministers to bring theoretical knowledge to practice research, policy and practice highlights that knowledge and success still remains in development. Recognising the breadth of academic and empirical literature in exploring this subject, the review is deliberately limited and draws on the effectiveness research and desistance literature. Each of the studies describe a brief history of What Works in probation. The premise was that cognitive behavioural programmes would deliver reductions of between 5 and 10 per cent in reoffending. The evidence for this proposition was based largely on American and Canadian research and meta-analyses of relatively small scale studies (Lipsey, 1992). Research studies suggested that not only was prison ineffective in reducing recidivism, but also that welfare approaches to crime reduction was ineffectual, intrusive and repressive (Newburn, 1995: Her Majestys Inspectorate of Probation, 1998). Prior to the introduction of the NOS in the early 1990s, little research into offenders views of supervision had been undertaken prior to the introduction of these Standards, which were informed more by the findings from research into what works from the academic or practitioners point of view than by concern with the under addressed notion of what works from the offenders point of view. However, the what works principles (which inform NOS) are being adopted throughout the various strands of work with offenders. Three of these principles are problematic when it comes to offenders views about supervision which are: risk classification, criminogenic needs and responsivity. Several of the studies were chosen as part of this literature review as they researched workers and offenders views and it will be argued that a more flexible approach needs to be adopted in relation to these principles before offenders themselves can fully benefit from supervision. With regards to the four studies carried out three involved workers being interviewed through semi-structured interviews (Rex, 1999; McNeill, 2000; and McCulloch, 2005) and one solely with probationers (Barry, 2000). Rex and McCullochs studies also involved semi-structured interviews with probationers as well as with workers. The two reviews of literature discuss what research has already been done. The research explored the characteristics of probationers on supervision, documented the services of such supervision in meeting offenders needs and reducing the risk of further offending. In order to promote analytic generalisability a random sample was constructed (Robson, 1993, pp.138-139) to enable proportionate representation in terms of gender, age and geography and two of the studies specified that all the respondents were white. The studies varied in size: six workers and 6 probationers (McCulloch, 2005), twelve workers (McNeill, 2000), sixty-five probationers (Barry, 2000) and sixty probationers and twenty-one workers (Rex, 1999). The two reviews of literature looked at numerous national studies. This allowed the writer to have a wide and varied consensus of effectiveness outcomes. Offenders Perspective Across all of the studies, the majority of probationers understood the purpose of probation and their officers were seeking, through a variety of means, to reduce the likliehood of re-offending. Few probationers regarded probation as purely a monitoring exercise, although the majority view was to keep them from offending over half expected their social workers to be proactive in helping them to address their problems and for probation to be more constructive than punishing. In relation to those who wanted help with problems or issues, many inferred that not re-offending was a precondition to receiving such help. (Rex, 1999; Barry, 2000; and McCulloch, 2005). There was a general consensus that social workers could not stop people from offending but could only help to minimize the risks through support of a more tangible and constructive nature. Even for those respondents who considered re-offending to be a possibility, there was a majority view that it was up to the individual to refrain from future offending. However, probationers attributed changes in their behaviour to their supervisory experiences was the active and participatory nature of those experiences which was one of the features of effective community programmes previously identified by McGuire (1995). Probationers seemed aware of the efforts required to sustain a decision to stop offending and were more willing to embark where they felt a commitment to and positively engaged in the supervisory relationship. The research carried out is conflicting with regards to personal engagement by probation officers. Over 3/4 of probationers referred to the need for probation officers to demonstrate empathy, and 1/2 reported that their supervisors ability to listen, show interest and understanding enabled them to open up. Yet, 1/2 also said that they appreciated more formal aspects of the supervisory relationship, 1/3 found a certain amount of distance helpful and 1/2 wanted to be treated with respect in the sense of not being judged or patronised. In showing respect, experience and knowledge probationers viewed their probation officer as taking them seriously, were able to disclose sensitive information and took on board what their probation officers said. Nearly 1/2 of respondents reported that the quality of the relationship with their social worker would not affect their success or failure within the order, however, an equal number felt that a poor or negative relationship with their social worker could have had an impact of their ability to complete their order successfully. There were no significant differences in toleration levels between young and adult offenders. The majority stated that if they had not got on well with their social worker, they would not have turned up for appointments or co-operated in other ways and would have had tokenistic involvement. The majority of probation respondents stressed the need to get to know the individual, background, interests, problems and/or issues and aspirations to be able to actively help resolve any difficulties. The most common thread in the studies reviewed was finding out what the problems were in an attempt to get to the root cause of the offending. Most of the respondents saw their offending behaviour as a consequence of other social or personal difficulties and that the cause itself e.g. unemployment was addressed as opposed to just the effects (offending behaviour). Offending behaviour is prominent on the minds of people who have been on community based supervision and who are asked about their views about its effectiveness, and this has been demonstrated in the studies where offenders views of supervision has been sought. However, there are other problems which equally, or more importantly, need to change through social work support which must come from the offenders themselves. Workers perspective Workers who were interviewed both individually and in groups (Rex, 1999; McNeill, 2000; and McCulloch, 2005) were offered a range of potential measures of effectiveness and rate them accordingly to which they considered most relevant in judging effectiveness in probation cases. These measures were selected to encompass a wide range of possibilities based on effectiveness agenda, probation policy and literature and reflect value bases for probation (Nellis, 1995). Some workers expressed that they saw managers as concerned only with efficiency (numbers game), sentencers as sometimes caring, especially when vulnerability had been identified, policy makers as interested in value for money, the public protection agenda, reduced offending and the desire to avoid adverse publicity. In general workers identified success with outcomes such as supervision action plans fully and successfully implemented, achieving reduction or cessation in offending by tackling underlying needs and/or problems and improvements. (Rex, 1999; McNeil, 2000; Vanstone, 2000; McCulloch, 2005). Outcome measures such as reducing reoffending, changing attitudes, increasing victim empathy and reducing probationers needs were more important to Scottish workers than order compliance in contrast to an earlier study undertaken by Humphrey and Pease (1992) however, these findings have to be treated with caution, given the small scale of the samples and range of scores for each possible measure shows a lack of consensus amongst workers. There was dissatisfaction with forms of monitoring which, in the past, had focused on quantitative measures which was also indentified in Humphrey and Peases (1992) study. As discussed earlier, most probationers saw their offending behaviour as a consequence of other social or personal difficulties and this was also recognised by workers and several of the studies provide a clear rationale for attending to the broader social contexts in which offenders live and change. The studies underline the inter-relationship between these key contexts and the need for workers to support the complex process of desistance by addressing all of these areas (McNeill, 2000; Rex, 1999). It is also suggested that there is a reticence amongst offence focused probation managers and staff to directly address family related obstacles, social and environmental factors or other underlying issues (McNeill, 2000; Barry, 2000; McCulloch; 2005). Rex (1999) identifies the relational element of supervision and the importance of probationers feeling valued and engaged in the supervision process although most probationers valued guidance and advice on how they might resolve social and personal problems rather than direct practical assistance. In contrast, Barry (2000) interpreted focus on probationers social problems as a weakness as this is seen to reflect a welfare as opposed to an offence focussed approach to intervention. Although workers believed that probation should address social problems which mirrored that of probationers, a minority expressed ambivalence on this issue relating it to organisational pressures, challenges of addressing social problems and a more robust view of what probation was about (McNeill, 2000; McCulloch, 2005). This view corresponds with the current professional climate of narrow targets, high caseloads and changing professional values and this is neither surprising or difficult to defend. However, in light of what probationers identify as important in desisting from crime it poses a problem if probation hopes to demonstrate effectiveness in assisting probationers to achieve and sustain desistance from offending. Methods used to address probationers social problems generally reflect the findings from wider probation research which identify the use of talking methods, referrals to other agencies and direct support as the most common methods to address probationers problems (Rex, 2009; McCulloch, 2005). What seemed evident from all of the studies was a construction of effectiveness which, while aiming for both offence and need-related outcomes, lays significance on both process and progress. What Works and Practice The supervision of offenders is increasingly adopting a groupwork approach using predominantly cognitive behavioural methods which are seen to effectively reducing offending behaviour. The appeal is based on research into North American groupwork programmes (Lipsey, 1992). This in turn informed the guiding principles of NOS. It can be argued that groupwork programmes often operate in a vacuum and ignores the wider social problems affecting offenders and does not differentiate between individual group members risk levels and needs. However, not all offenders have any or similar, problems other than their offending behaviour and even the causes and consequences of, and future risk associated with, that behaviour can be interpreted differently between offenders. Community supervision devoid of a wider focus could be viewed as a component of change from assimilation and incorporation to separation and exclusion and this criticism is aimed more at the implementers than the authors of the model who do stress the importance of addressing broader structural problems (Young, 1998 cited in Vanstone, 2000). Changes in the way that probation officers are trained have increased fears about de-professionalisation and cognitive behavioural programmes equally are seen to contribute to the degeneration of the role into the application of techniques devised by someone else (Pitts, 1992 cited in Vanstone, 2000) although it could be argued that this contributes to a form of professionalism already missing. This practice could also undermine anti-discriminatory practice as it reduces sensitivity to the needs of women and ethnic minorities. Similar to other community supervision initiatives, the development of these programmes has only taken into account the needs of men and not those of women. Therefore, an awareness of what should change should be taken into account to ensure thoughtful and reflective diversity. Overall, the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural programmes is based on completion effects. Programmes are long and complex with rules about participants dropping in and restarting and this in theory, means that only the full programme will be effective in bringing about cognitive and behavioural change. In contrast, those who do not complete the full programme are less likely to change. The only review that specifically addressed group work programmes was Stanley (2009) and he reviewed other reviews (undertaken in England and Wales) to come to his conclusions. He judged that there was positive conclusions for cognitive behaviour programmes and drug treatment to reduce re-offending but there was weak evidence for the effectiveness of domestic abuse programmes, employment and basic skills training, intensive supervision and unpaid work and they were unlikely to have a positive effect on re-offending. For four types of intervention the National Audit Office (NAO) judged, there was i nsufficient evidence to suggest that although there might be a positive impact the evidence was not strong enough , mainly due to the low quality of research to show or validate strong positive effects (Davis et al., 2008) A main piece, although flawed, evidence is an analysis by National Offender Management Systems Research Development and Statistics Directorate (NOMS RDS) of outcomes of predicted and actual reconviction rates for accredited programmes by the probation service in 2004 (Hollis, 2007). This was based on 25, 255 cases but 6,000 had to be excluded due to poor quality data. It would be fair to say, that there was bias (although not reported) within the analysis as both offender compliance and quality of programme delivery are positive factors the bias in the selection was towards successful programmes and outcomes. There was also no comparison group and this was a major weakness in the report. The report compared actual with predicted reconvictions for offenders engaged in the accredited programmes. It is possible that the amount of cases sentenced to accredited programmes but failed to start were not recorded and the report understates the rate of dropout. Only 40 per cent completed the programme which is nearly 1/2 of the target of 70 per cent set in the original What Works strategy but those who completed were considerably less likely to re-offend than expected and did better than those who did not complete. Allowing for the biases, this looks a positive result and demonstrates the impact and effectiveness of accredited programmes. However, not all programmes were equally successful such as Domestic Violence programmes which in general failed to show a significant reduction in reconviction. Conversely, anger management, sex offender and general offending behaviour programmes showed in excess of 10 per cent reduction in reconviction of cases analysed. There is an assumed opposition between What Works and individual work with offenders. Work by Chapman and Hough (1998) placed cognitive behavioural programmes within the context of desistance and individual casework. The use of targets could be seen to undermine as an unintended consequence as it has led to an emphasis on completing the group element in programmes at the expense of the quality of engagement with individual offenders. Conclusion The findings of these studies confirm a considerable amount of evidence from both desistance and effectiveness literature about the circumstances offenders may be encouraged to cease re-offending. A recurring theme to emerge from probationers accounts is the difficulty sustaining a life free from crime. This explains why the professional agenda in addressing offending behaviour and minimizing risk needs to be balanced with the offenders agenda of addressing practical concerns. Equally important is the need to develop a close and trusting relationship between the service user and worker as is possible within the continual shift of Criminal Justice policy. If this relationship is not accepted as influential and the offenders own agenda recognised, then social work supervision could appear to service users to be alienating and irrelevant and consequently open to criticism, non-cooperation and failure. One major flaw of the What Works agenda is the narrowing of practice in cognitive behavioural approaches and the limited utility of standardised programmes with minority groups of offenders. There is an assumption that female and non-white offenders are fitted into programmes that have been demonstrated to be effective with white males. It is increasingly evident that What Works operationalised through accredited programmes is not the only or entire solution and the challenge is to develop the strengths that are there, build on new and diverse understanding of offenders and link these to the literature on intervention effects to enhance knowledge of what works when, for whom and under what circumstances. Appendix The search for evidence to address this question involved the use of databases ASSIA, Planex Cambridge and Discover. Specific journal databases were also consulted using word searches. These included The Howard Journal, Probation Journal, Criminology and Criminal Justice Journal and British Journal of Social Work. This search yielded the most appropriate and relevant research studies pertinent to the question. Paper Aims Methods used to collect data Findings Relevance of evidence to answering search question Rex, S (1999) Desistance from Offending: Experiences of Probation. The Howard Journal, 38:4, pp.266-383 To make connections between two different research fields: the What Works? literature on the effectiveness of community programmes in bringing about a reduction in reoffending; and the criminal careers literature, the discussion of the wider social processes by which people themselves come to stop offending. Qualitative Semi-structured interviews with a group of probationers. Reports on the extent to which probationers who were interviewed linked their experiences to a reduction in their offending and considers the implications for how probation officers might be able to motivate and assist moves towards law-abiding conduct. Examines desistance from the point of view of a group of probationers and their supervisors. McNeill, F (2000) Defining Effective Probation: Frontline Perspectives. The Howard Journal, 39:4, pp. 382-397 The research study attempted to explore workers definitions of effective probation. Qualitative semi-structured individual and group interviews. Evidence of considerable diversity of opinion. Generally workers preferred to measure effectiveness in terms. Cautious optimism about the capacity, opportunity and motivation of criminal justice social workers to rise to the challenge that the effectiveness agenda represents. Barry, M. (2000) The Mentor/Monitor Debates in Criminal Justice: What Works for Offenders. British Journal of Social Work, 30, pp.575-595 Views from probationers and ex-prisoners about social work supervision in England, Scotland and Wales. Literature Review drawing on a range of studies from last five years. Robinson, G (2001) Power, Knowledge and What Works in Probation. The Howard Journal, 40: 3, pp.235-254 To examine the To To examine the implications of what works in the context of probation, both at the level of professional practice and the broader level of the power base as a whole McCulloch, T (2005) Probation, Social Context and Desistance: Retracing the Relationship A small scale Scottish study which draws on participant perspectives and explore the attention given to probationers social contexts in supporting desistance from crime. Qualitative -small scale research study Stanley, S (2009) What Works in 2009: Progress or Stagnation? Probation Journal, 56: 2, pp153 Reviews evidence produced on the effectiveness of evidence-based interventions (What Works) and in particular cognitive behavioural programmes.

The Destructive Power of Pain Essay -- Expository Essays

The Destructive Power of Pain There are two types of pain that we all experience, physical and emotional (or mental). Physical pain is a signal of the nerves; therefore it is something that is tangible, something that we can prove is there and something that we can feel. Emotional pain is hurt on the inside of one's soul. It cannot be expressed; it is only a feeling in the soul. According to the Christian view, pain makes someone a better person. However, some people disagree with this because they believe that pain destroys a human being's self-worth. Physical pain is a signal given by nerves that an organism is in a potentially hurtful environment. This is the type of pain that hospital in-patients experience, and it often incites a negative reaction when it is in an extreme form. Constant pain can distort the patient's view of the world and surroundings and can make him/her self-absorbed with alleviating the pain. To others, the patient may appear selfish, impatient, quarrelsome, and greedy, but his actions are merely a result of the pain that they are suffering. Jim Jones, a hard working construction worker, was severely injured one day when a sheet of metal fell on him and severed his leg. While in the hospital, he became withdrawn and very short -tempered with the nurses, and he was angry if he was not cared for immediately. He was in so much pain that he lived from one dose of morphine to the next and if the nurses were even one minute late he became impatient. It was as if he thought that there were no more patients in the hospital besides him. When his family came for daily visits he became very quarrelsome and didn't want to accept any help from them, because he felt that he was useless and could no longer contri... ...ng, such as pain. An example of this is to try and describe the color blue to somebody. One can say it is like the color of the sky, or the ocean, but he can't really say what it is. If he could, he could describe blue to a blind person. Even though we don't know how to talk about pain, we can treat it. Medicine is able to stop the nerves from sending a message to the brain. Psychiatrists are able to find the root of a problem and alleviate it. There are some who would say that God is the only one able to take away pain (both physical and emotional). However, others would say that pain can never truly be taken away, just subsided. And still others say that pain really isn't a thing, it is an illusion that can be overcome. Anybody who has hit their thumb with a hammer would swear that this isn't true. If one were to ask them why, they would say "because it hurts."

Morpheus the God

The Greek god, Morpheus, also known as ‘He who forms', is the Greek god of dreams. The Greeks believed that he shaped and formed dreams for mortals. Morpheus played an important role as a god; he was the leader of the Oneriroi tribe. The tribe was made up of himself and his three brothers, Icelus, Phobetor and Phantos. The Oneriroi were a well-known tribe and had the duty of creating dreams for humans. They were often asked to create dreams to warn mortals of danger and future experiences.This was especially important in the case of kings, queens, heroes and heroines, such as Queen Penelope and Agamemnon. Icelus was the creator of dreams of reality and truth. Phobetor represented fearsome and alarming dream, playing a role in dreams in the form of an animal. Phantos, as you may notice by his name, created dreams of fantasy; these were often the most strange and unrealistic dreams of all. He would appear in dreams as inanimate objects, such as earth, rocks, water and plants. Mor pheus, the leader of the tribe, was the vital dream creator, appearing as humans in a dream.Unlike his brothers however, Morpheus could simply send thoughts and objects into dreams, without having to play a role in them himself. The Oneriroi lived at the coast, on the seashores. Morpheus, during his lifetime, is said to have lived in a dark cave, filled with poppy flowers. Morphine, a well-known painkilling drug, which is derived from poppy flowers and induces a dream-like state, is named after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams. Morpheus’s uncle is Thanatos, the God of Death. His grandparents are Nyx, Goddess of Night and Erebus, God of Darkness.Morpheus was said to be romantically involved with Iris, the Goddess of the Rainbow. As a god, Morpheus possesses the natural powers & abilities of an Olympian god such as immortality, omnipresence, vast strength, and the potential to do magic such as the ability to shape-shift, to teleport and to manifest objects. As the God of Sleep he makes mortals and other gods fall asleep in his â€Å"sleep blanket†. However, even he is not immune to falling asleep in this blanket, as seen in the episode Hercules and the All-Nighter. Morpheus also appears to bring the night by dragging his blanket across the sky.

Constitutional Reform essays

Constitutional Reform essays Explain and evaluate both the limits placed on Commonwealth power under the Constitution and the extension of that power through international law and elements of the Constitution. In the year 2001, The Australian nation will celebrate the reaching of a significant milestone one hundred years of government under our present constitution. As the anniversary approaches, it is important for all Australians to reflect on the present arrangements, and consider whether the limits placed on the Commonwealth government are going to restrict Australias ability to transform with the new millennium. Will the extension of the Federal governments power affect the stability of one hundred years of Australian government? In the nineteenth century, Australia was made up of different British colonies, with each colony able to make laws on its own behalf. As the end of the nineteenth century approached the Australian colonies started to recognise the advantages of having a federal council that could impose uniform systems of defence, immigration, banking, and currency. However, the colonies were concerned about giving up too much power; in particular the small less populated colonies did not want the more populated states to be in complete control. This problem was solved with the suggestion that each state have the same number of representatives in the upper house and on 1st of January 1900 the Commonwealth of Australia came into existence. The rationale behind federating was to achieve national unity and regional diversity; hence it was essential to have a division between state and federal of powers. Therefore, the Commonwealth Parliament was only given special and limited powers under the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act. These powers are listed in section 51 of the Australian Constitution and are known as the thirty nine heads of power. Items mentioned in this section include; trade and commerce, ...

Evaluate two Theories. Piaget and Kolhberg Essays

Evaluate two Theories. Piaget and Kolhberg Essays Evaluate two Theories. Piaget and Kolhberg Paper Evaluate two Theories. Piaget and Kolhberg Paper This assignment will describe and evaluate two theories in developmental psychology. Firstly looking at Piagets Theory then followed by Kohlberg, then an evaluation of the similarities and differences of the two. It will provide evidence of how Piagets and Kohlbergs theory both suffer from the same criticisms as they both use dilemmas with a particular criteria ofa child and culture. The theory only considers a childs beliefs not its actual behaviour. Jean Piaget was born in Switzerland. Piaget used children to assess moral development. He did this by giving the children specific games to play the most opular one being marbles. As he studied he observed the way the children applied the rules and their reasoning to change the rules. In addition to this he also clinically interviewed children and asked hypothetical questions about lying and cheating. This gave him an insight about how children make decisions and what their beliefs consist of. He also learned how they determined knowing right from wrong. To Piaget children are born with very basic mental structure. An example of a story Piaget would give to a child would be there are two children one child has been told not to o into the cupboard to get a biscuit, the child does this and knocks over one cup in the process. The other child accidently knocks five plates off the dinner table, as they have walked through the door. Piaget concluded to the three stages shown below based on the childrens answers from asking questions similar to the above. Piaget hypothesized three stages; Pre Moral; Heteronomous; Autonomous reality. He believed that the pre moral stage children have no concern or awareness of rules; this is age zero-five years. Piaget then moved on to Heteronomous stage, here he oncentrated on children ages five-nine years. He believed that these children had adherence to rules and duties and obedience to authority. The third stage being Autonomous, Piaget concentrated on children who were ten plus years. He found that children were aware of rules and agreements and these can be considered critically, also rules can be selectively applied depending on intention or mutual agreement. The quote below backs up Piagets theory. In accordance with Piagets view a strong relationship was found in Weston cultures between age and childrens level of moral reasoning. Younger children more often display aspects of heteronomous morality and are inclined to Judge the consequences of a deed as more important than the motives of the transgressor when passing moral Judgement. (Hoffman, 1970;Lickona,1976;Surber 1982) Piagets theory has also been criticized According to Authors such as Berk (1994a) and Shaffer (1993) Piaget underestimates the Moral understanding of younger children. They contend that there are indications that children can make moral decisions at an earlier stage than Piagets research. Piagets critics believe that moral evelopment will continue through to adulthood and even then it can still be varied. Lawrence Kohlberg was a Jewish American psychologist. He specialised in moral and expand on Piagets work to form a theory that explained the development of moral reasoning. Kohlberg based his theories upon research and interviews with groups of young boys. He gave them a set of moral dilemmas and then interviewed them to determine the reas oning behind their answers. From doing this research Kohlberg created a model that consisted of 3 levels and 6 stages. Level one is Pre- Conventional. Stage one is Obedience and punishment; at this stage of moral development, children under 9 years old see rules as unquestionable and permanent. Conforming to the rules is important because it means to avoid punishment. Stage two is Instrumental-Relativist and it focuses on individuals point of view and how they Judge circumstances for their personal needs. Level two is the Conventional level; stage 3 is Interpersonal Relationships living up to peoples expectations and being a considerate human being, this will be most adolescents and adults. Stage 4 is Maintaining Social Order all laws should be obeyed and authority must be respected. Level 3 is Post- Conventional. Stage five is Social contracts and individual rights. At this stage people have different values; opinions and beliefs of their people around them. Rules are important in a society but people of the society should agree on these rules. Stage six Universal ethical principles; at this stage Laws should be obeyed, but changed if not ethical and even if they conflict with laws and rules. (Baron 1996) (Active Psychology) Stage six is only ever reached by 10% of adults as operation hinking is needed. The individual must be capable of abstract thought. We are not convinced that many people ever progress beyond stage 4 (Shaver and Strong1976) The best known criticism of Kohlbergs came from Carol Gilligan 1982 who claimed that women scored lower on Kohlbergs tests because those tests were male biased. (EPSA Philosophy of science Amsterdam 2009 Google book) In addition to being questioned about the influence of gender, others have suggested that Kohlbergs theory of moral development is culturally-biased. Specifically, esearchers have posited that the highest stages of his theory reflect a westernized ideal of Justice based on individualistic thought and that it is biased against those that live in non- Western societies that do not value individualism as much ( Shaffer, Wood, Willoughby, 2002) There are many similarities between Piaget and Kohlbergs theories; Children go through different stages of moral development. It is believed that clinical interviews were the best method for studying childrens moral development. Piaget and Kohlberg both gathered data by asking questions based on hypothetical questions. The differences; Piaget believed that moral development had completed by end of middle childhood. Kohlberg believed children continued to develop past autonomous reality. There is evidence that Kohlbergs and Piagets theories are both gender and culture bias. They both use dilemmas with particular criteria of a child and culture. Piaget influenced Kohlberg to research Moral Development and found stages beyond Piagets model. This was also affirmed by Shaffer. Both theories are both gender and culture bias. They both use dilemmas with particular criteria of a child and culture. Piaget influenced Kohlberg to research Moral Development and found stages beyond Piagets model. This was also affirmed by Shaffer. Bibliography A1, D. R. (Eighth Edition ). Deveopmental Psychology . Linda Schreiber . Taylor, l. (1999). Active Psychology. Pearson Education Limited . Cognition and Development . (n. d. ). Retrieved from Psychology4a: http://psychology4a. com/develop10. htm Louw, D. (n. d. ). Human Develpoment . Retrieved from Google Books : http://books. google. co. uk/ sevencounties. org/poc/view_doc. php? type=docid=41174cn=1310

Free Essays on Ufo

The 50th anniversary of the alleged crash at Roswell is nigh upon us and there's a spate of books on the Roswell Incident and UFOs in general. Coincidence? We think not. Here are capsule reviews of some books done by the top-secret three-member "Grand Unified Conspiracy and UFO Retrieval Committee of the Order of Men in Tweed." "Beyond Roswell" (Marlowe and Co., $24.95) by Michael Hesemann and Philip Mantle. In one of the few books that sheds any new light on the subject, the authors make a game attempt to fit all the "facts" of the Roswell crash into a new scenario. Backed by government documents and eyewitness interviews, they claim the military actually responded to three different saucer crashes in 1947, from May 31 to Aug. 13 one near Socorro, one near Roswell, and one near Flagstaff, Ariz. Much material will be new except to fanatics. Its weakness, like most of this genre, is that it sometimes relies on discredited accounts or materials. () "The UFO Invasion" (Prometheus Books, $25.95) edited by Kendrick Frazier, Barry Karr and Joe Nickell. This could have been the book that made a convincing case for UFO debunkers, but it falls short. Based mostly on reprints of articles from the Skeptical Inquirer, it jumps all over the place, and the lack of coherence hurts as does the choice of some obscure cases. It also contains a large dose of the smugness and close-mindedness not associated with "scientific" inquiry. ()... Free Essays on Ufo Free Essays on Ufo The Roswell Incident Essay written by Unknown The people of the world have always had a mysterious belief that Earth wasn't the only planet in the universe that supported life. This belief dates back to ancient times when heavenly and demonic stories were told of gods who strode across the skies on their golden chariots. Tales as far fetched as Zeus who threw lightening bolts from his fingertips to stories as credible as the American Indian's Cachinas, who supposedly taught them to farm and saved them from numerous disasters. The Egyptians, who built their mammoth pyramids with only the use of man power, used hieroglyphics. These same hieroglyphics have been unofficially documented as being similar to symbols found on unidentified aircraft wreckage found in several incidences over the past fifty years (Montgomery 225-32, 236-37). Are these stories all mere coincidence? Some researchers think not and have continued to unveil new evidence that is believably true. Recently, new facts have been brought up on the most documented UFO (unidentified flying object) sighting of all time: the Roswell Incident. The Roswell Incident is a UFO crash that occurred at 11:30 p.m. on July 4th, 1947 in Roswell, New Mexico (Randal 10). Mac Brazel, a local New Mexico rancher, discovered a considerable amount of unusual debris while riding out on horseback early in the morning to check his sheep after a night of intense thunderstorms. He reported to Sheriff George Wilcox after driving into Roswell, that the aircraft had created a shallow gouge several hundred feet long and was scattered over a large area. Sheriff Wilcox then notified authorities at the Roswell Army Air Field and with the assistance of his deputies, proceeded to investigate the matter. Shortly after the 509th Bomb Group arrived from their station 35 miles away (Walker 38), they closed off the area for a number of days and retrieved the wreckage. The debris was initially taken to Roswell A... Free Essays on UFO The 50th anniversary of the alleged crash at Roswell is nigh upon us and there's a spate of books on the Roswell Incident and UFOs in general. Coincidence? We think not. Here are capsule reviews of some books done by the top-secret three-member "Grand Unified Conspiracy and UFO Retrieval Committee of the Order of Men in Tweed." "Beyond Roswell" (Marlowe and Co., $24.95) by Michael Hesemann and Philip Mantle. In one of the few books that sheds any new light on the subject, the authors make a game attempt to fit all the "facts" of the Roswell crash into a new scenario. Backed by government documents and eyewitness interviews, they claim the military actually responded to three different saucer crashes in 1947, from May 31 to Aug. 13 one near Socorro, one near Roswell, and one near Flagstaff, Ariz. Much material will be new except to fanatics. Its weakness, like most of this genre, is that it sometimes relies on discredited accounts or materials. () "The UFO Invasion" (Prometheus Books, $25.95) edited by Kendrick Frazier, Barry Karr and Joe Nickell. This could have been the book that made a convincing case for UFO debunkers, but it falls short. Based mostly on reprints of articles from the Skeptical Inquirer, it jumps all over the place, and the lack of coherence hurts as does the choice of some obscure cases. It also contains a large dose of the smugness and close-mindedness not associated with "scientific" inquiry. ()...

The Difference in the Use of Language between the Young and the Old Research Proposal - 1

The Difference in the Use of Language between the Young and the Old Generation - Research Proposal Example People belonging to the young generation think that the old are normally slow, in terms of thought, and may not be aware of the modern subjects they normally discuss. This may result in a different language use between the two generations because; people belonging to the young generation tend to use slang in their conversation with the belief that it makes their conversation more entertaining. However, this form of language is normally perceived by people belonging to the old generation as rude and disrespectful. These expectations influence the different language between the two generations. The other factor that results to a variance in the use of language amid the young generation and the old generation is the generational perspective. In this instance, it is evident that people who lived during World War 2 and the Great depression, tend to be formal in their use of language, this is because of the belief instilled in them that the use of language contributes to respect. However, there is a generation referred to as the Baby Boomers who tend to exhibit a communication style that tends to be more personal. The other generation is generation X that exhibits little formality in their use of language. Therefore, it is true to state that the generational perspective also influences the difference in language use between the two generations. The change in technology, which led to, the introduction of computers, phones, and social media have also led to a difference in language use between the young and the old generation.

Adapting to Workplace Changes in Professionalism Essay

Adapting to Workplace Changes in Professionalism - Essay Example Also in staff meetings, the communication process should be clear, logical, and professional (Allanwood, Gavin, and Peter Beare, 2014, para.1). Higher education institutions are an example where such group culture can be experienced. Active cultures bring about employee motivation, alignment of goals, structures that are needed and controls to improve the effectiveness of the organization. Group culture in the workplace also influences its effectiveness since culture assists in external adaptation and integration of internal issues of the organization. In higher education institutions, a culture may begin when a single individual has an idea of a new enterprise. The founder of the idea then assembles more people and comes up with a core group that has a shared vision with that of the founder. The core group believes that the idea is a good one and therefore they see the need for investing time and money in it (Allanwood, Gavin, and Peter Beare, 2014, Para.1). The core group then starts to work in a union to create an organization by raising funds, incorporating, obtaining patents, and locating space. At that point, new recruits are brought in the society and history commences to build. The initial organizational culture is an outgrowth of the philosophy of the founder. As time goes by the original culture is embedded or modified by other group cultures. The members of the organization teach each other about the preferred organization’s behaviors, values, beliefs, and expectations (Cozby, Paul, Patricia, Worden, and Daniel, Kee, 1989, Para 7). When members of the organization in higher education institutions interact with each other, they use terminology, language, and rituals related to demeanor and deference. There are various types of group culture experienced in the higher education institutions. They include; Constructive culture. Here the employees work together, beginnings from the

Diseases Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diseases - Term Paper Example (2). The parasitic protozoa species of the plasmodium genus is responsible for malaria in humans making it the vector for transmission of malaria. The primary mode of transmission of the infection is through the bite of a female anopheles species of mosquito. Severe malaria that can lead to severe morbidity or even death is normally attributed to Plasmodium falciparum. Though malaria can also be transmitted during blood transfusion or between mother and child during pregnancy, these modes of transmission are found to occur rarely. (2). The plasmodia are present in the saliva of the infected anopheles mosquito and pass it on to the human host at the time of drawing blood from the human as its meal. The plasmodia target the red blood cells and enter them and use the hemoglobin and other proteins in the cells for nutrition. This results in RBC cystoloysis leading to the toxic metabolic byproducts entering the blood stream and producing the symptoms of malaria, which resemble flu and include chills, headache, myalgias, and malaise. Jaundice, anemia and kidney failure are the more severe results of malaria, which can progress to coma and death. The more severe consequences of malaria can be avoided through proper treatment. (2). Chloroquine phosphate remains the drug of choice in the treatment of malaria. (2). However the treatment of malaria is not easy because of resistance to chloroquine and evaluation of resistance by the infecting strain is essential to decide on the anti-malarial agent to be used. Where resistance is encountered use of other forms of quinine or a range of other anti-malarial drugs capable of arresting the infection would have to be considered for use. (3). Filariasis occurs in both humans and animals. The nematode parasites of the order Filariidae or filariae are responsible for the infection. Only

Is Capitalism a Hindrance to Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Is Capitalism a Hindrance to Democracy - Essay Example Before making an argument on this issue, it is necessary to fully understand the terms involved. Democracy is typically used interchangeably with the form of government more properly known as a republic. Because true citizenship democracies have rarely ever existed, representative democracies have co-opted the term despite lacking key factors. For the purpose of argument, this paper will use as a definition of democracy that which is agreed upon by the authors of The Politics of Power: A democracy is a system based on popular participation by its citizens, representative government and a commitment to equality in the ability of citizens to influence policies directly affecting their lives (Katznelson, Kesselman and Draper 2006, p. 8). Capitalism is typically defined as an economic sy... The nuances of capitalism that affect the course of democracy revolve around the power of capital itself. If it is accepted that part of the definition of democracy includes representative governors elected by the people, then a question immediately must be raised. Who are these representatives and how are they elected In the current American system, the pool of those eligible for election is becoming increasingly smaller. The reason has to do with the cost of getting elected. As the cost of a candidacy increases, so does the power of those who can contribute the most to these candidates. ARGUMENT Corruption is an unavoidable component of any political or economic system. There is no such thing as a universally viable economic system that is inherently corrupt. Capitalism and socialism could both theoretically work without the taint of corruption. The reason that neither ever has is due to the human factor. Human beings have needs that require currency and sometimes the easiest way to acquire that extra currency is through corrupt practices. While no economic system is in itself corrupt, they all contain practices which promote corruption. The fact that capitalism has led democracy in the United States to the point where only a select few can ever dream of being elected to positions of power is not proof that the economic system is a hindrance to the political system. After all, there is no evidence to suggest that simply because someone has the economic basis to get elected that he will not then act in the best interests of those whom he is representing. What is far more disturbing is how the electoral process mirrors the governmental process. The ability to get

Reflection -Developing a Science Caf_ Program for Your University Personal Statement

Reflection -Developing a Science Caf_ Program for Your University Library by Jeanine Marie Scaramozzino - Personal Statement Example Having said that, this concept can always be expanded, once it gets started from the library. The library cafeteria may be the best place to start this since all types of people use the library and the word can also be spread about the event. Being a library based event the participation of students, scholars, and researchers will be high. But the necessary advertising should be made to the science interested public to make Science cafe more exciting. As far as I can see the number one method to attract people is the Internet. Since most people are addicted to Facebook, Blogs, and scientific forums, the organizers can get huge publicity on the event by using such technologies. For example by using a Facebook library profile the news can be delivered to the students since higher portion of younger generation is using the Facebook. Library’s blog can also be used by starting a new discussion on Science cafe. In the article it was stated that the feedback made by participators th rough Facebook and blogs were less. But, I think the feedback could have been higher if the advertising could be done using the above stated Internet technologies.

The role of environmental management is one of the most rapidly Research Paper

The role of environmental management is one of the most rapidly changing areas of management. Its focus has shifted from reactin - Research Paper Example In the environmental management framework, there can be a number of competitive advantages (Esty & Winston, 2009). They include a company’s cost structure, customer, support, distribution network, and product offerings. This paper will discuss the shifting role of environmental management using the environmental costs to competitive advantage as the scope of the paper’s focus. Background Environmentalists regard environmental costs as one of the vital accounting information that necessitates the ability of management to handle its productivity and administrative decisions in order to achieve evaluation and performance of its work appropriately (Esty & Winston, 2009). In places where environmental costs are part of the major entrances applied by companies to enhance their capability to compete, chances of reducing costs, increasing competitiveness, and increasing profitability are high (Sharairi & Awawdeh, 2011). These situations are only achievable when a company focuse s much on ways of serving customers from the economic, health, and social perspective linked to the set goals. Particularly, the application of financial accounting and maintenance of financial statements is substantial for companies in general as it improves the aspect of acquiring the appropriate data and information for company activities (Hitchens, 2002). In order to get the relevant data which is capable of keeping accountable environmental costs that suit the management of the environment, companies must employ various methods that can provide this relevant information (Esty & Winston, 2009). However, literature reviews indicate that most companies are failing to achieve competitive advantage over their rivals in the market mainly because of lacking the essential tools for environmental management costs. This issue is causing such companies whole lots of financial losses, market advantage, and inability to comply with the set environmental rules and regulations (Hitchens, 2002 ). Without a doubt, there is a need to have pragmatic ways of addressing such issues in order to have these companies engage in better environmental practices, renowned ways of keeping compatible environmental cost records, and gain competitive advantage in the market (Sharairi & Awawdeh, 2011). Methods The research aimed at identifying the influence of environmental costs over the competitive advantage of companies in general but decided to consider, particularly, the pharmaceutical firms in Jordan (Esty & Winston, 2009). By the use of interviews, the study considered identifying the impact of all the prevention operational costs on the competitive advantage carried in pharmaceutical companies in Jordan. With questionnaires, the research aimed at identifying the effect the measurement and inventory activities costs have over the company’s competitive advantage (Sharairi & Awawdeh, 2011). Using qualitative and quantitative system of analysis, the study identified the impact o f control activities costs over the competitive advantage of the surveyed pharmaceutical companies in this city. Finally, the research introduced the use of filming, note taking, and recording methods in identifying the effect environmental failures have over the pharmaceutical companies in Jordan (Hitchens, 2002). Results and discussion After the study, the

Is Capitalism a Hindrance to Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Is Capitalism a Hindrance to Democracy - Essay Example Before making an argument on this issue, it is necessary to fully understand the terms involved. Democracy is typically used interchangeably with the form of government more properly known as a republic. Because true citizenship democracies have rarely ever existed, representative democracies have co-opted the term despite lacking key factors. For the purpose of argument, this paper will use as a definition of democracy that which is agreed upon by the authors of The Politics of Power: A democracy is a system based on popular participation by its citizens, representative government and a commitment to equality in the ability of citizens to influence policies directly affecting their lives (Katznelson, Kesselman and Draper 2006, p. 8). Capitalism is typically defined as an economic sy... The nuances of capitalism that affect the course of democracy revolve around the power of capital itself. If it is accepted that part of the definition of democracy includes representative governors elected by the people, then a question immediately must be raised. Who are these representatives and how are they elected In the current American system, the pool of those eligible for election is becoming increasingly smaller. The reason has to do with the cost of getting elected. As the cost of a candidacy increases, so does the power of those who can contribute the most to these candidates. ARGUMENT Corruption is an unavoidable component of any political or economic system. There is no such thing as a universally viable economic system that is inherently corrupt. Capitalism and socialism could both theoretically work without the taint of corruption. The reason that neither ever has is due to the human factor. Human beings have needs that require currency and sometimes the easiest way to acquire that extra currency is through corrupt practices. While no economic system is in itself corrupt, they all contain practices which promote corruption. The fact that capitalism has led democracy in the United States to the point where only a select few can ever dream of being elected to positions of power is not proof that the economic system is a hindrance to the political system. After all, there is no evidence to suggest that simply because someone has the economic basis to get elected that he will not then act in the best interests of those whom he is representing. What is far more disturbing is how the electoral process mirrors the governmental process. The ability to get

The role of environmental management is one of the most rapidly Research Paper

The role of environmental management is one of the most rapidly changing areas of management. Its focus has shifted from reactin - Research Paper Example In the environmental management framework, there can be a number of competitive advantages (Esty & Winston, 2009). They include a company’s cost structure, customer, support, distribution network, and product offerings. This paper will discuss the shifting role of environmental management using the environmental costs to competitive advantage as the scope of the paper’s focus. Background Environmentalists regard environmental costs as one of the vital accounting information that necessitates the ability of management to handle its productivity and administrative decisions in order to achieve evaluation and performance of its work appropriately (Esty & Winston, 2009). In places where environmental costs are part of the major entrances applied by companies to enhance their capability to compete, chances of reducing costs, increasing competitiveness, and increasing profitability are high (Sharairi & Awawdeh, 2011). These situations are only achievable when a company focuse s much on ways of serving customers from the economic, health, and social perspective linked to the set goals. Particularly, the application of financial accounting and maintenance of financial statements is substantial for companies in general as it improves the aspect of acquiring the appropriate data and information for company activities (Hitchens, 2002). In order to get the relevant data which is capable of keeping accountable environmental costs that suit the management of the environment, companies must employ various methods that can provide this relevant information (Esty & Winston, 2009). However, literature reviews indicate that most companies are failing to achieve competitive advantage over their rivals in the market mainly because of lacking the essential tools for environmental management costs. This issue is causing such companies whole lots of financial losses, market advantage, and inability to comply with the set environmental rules and regulations (Hitchens, 2002 ). Without a doubt, there is a need to have pragmatic ways of addressing such issues in order to have these companies engage in better environmental practices, renowned ways of keeping compatible environmental cost records, and gain competitive advantage in the market (Sharairi & Awawdeh, 2011). Methods The research aimed at identifying the influence of environmental costs over the competitive advantage of companies in general but decided to consider, particularly, the pharmaceutical firms in Jordan (Esty & Winston, 2009). By the use of interviews, the study considered identifying the impact of all the prevention operational costs on the competitive advantage carried in pharmaceutical companies in Jordan. With questionnaires, the research aimed at identifying the effect the measurement and inventory activities costs have over the company’s competitive advantage (Sharairi & Awawdeh, 2011). Using qualitative and quantitative system of analysis, the study identified the impact o f control activities costs over the competitive advantage of the surveyed pharmaceutical companies in this city. Finally, the research introduced the use of filming, note taking, and recording methods in identifying the effect environmental failures have over the pharmaceutical companies in Jordan (Hitchens, 2002). Results and discussion After the study, the

Lesbian Essay Example for Free

Lesbian Essay In society a persons appearance and label help us categorize and give us a general understanding of who that person is. Of course there are stereotypes that play a part in all of this. However, it is almost impossible to escape seeing as how people are identified by others is usually based on stereotypes. This weeks reading ties in with this exactly. A point was brought up that I found to be quite simple which most people (myself included) would agree with, but is not always the first explanation that would come to a persons mind. The way in which we understand and view what a lesbian is, is influenced by race, class privilege, ethnicity, age, the wanting to conform, and various other factors that weigh in (Crow Gotell, 316). We are influenced by everything that surrounds us, including race, class, privilige, etc. We may not be conscious or aware of it all the time, but it is always there. It is how we understand most of the world, make decisions, and how you and society behaves/interacts with one another. As this argument was mentioned a few paragraphs later once again it got me to think that the way I, a born and raised Canadian understand and view the notion of a lesbian is probably different from a perosn born and raised in another country. Take the Philippines for example. The Phillipines (in the past and currently) almost always portray lesbians as stereotypically masculine and butch lesbians in films, and other media. Whereas Canada, comaparatively does not have so much of that stereotype in the media. But what if we did not have lesbians that fit into the â€Å"norms† of lesbianism? What and who would this affect? The reading brought up another good point that I agree with on one hand, but am quite perplexed with on the other as it not simple as black and white. The lesbian uniform that are put on by the lesbians who want to, (or sometimes unknowingly) identify, conform, and express themselves are not just that uniform. But yet they are. By wearing that uniform they might take away other parts of their identity because they are focusing on on aspect of themselves. A lesbian is not just a lesbian, they, like women are more than just that. A persons identity is composed of thier gender, sexuality, status, ethnicity, the list goes on. And so, when reading this I thought that on top of probably having a harder time coming out and living as a lesbian, there is an identity issue within the identity of being a lesbian, and an issue with being a woman as well. Everything is connected and affect one another in different way. This is what gives everyone lesbian a different experience and identity. Even though two lesbians label themselves as such, what they go through and see other lesbians as is totally dependent on the factors.

Analyse The Hotel Industry In Uk Tourism Essay

Analyse The Hotel Industry In Uk Tourism Essay It is very important that in todays competitive environment, (both in terms of business and employability) one has a clear understanding and sufficient knowledge of the sector or industry in which they would be operating. This report will be looking at, and analysing the Hotel industry in the United Kingdom, examining industrys micro and macro environment. Its purpose is to examine the industry with intention to gather market intelligence that would support prospective managerial development, career aspirations and prepare them for sufficiently informed participation at interviews. Findings from the report should therefore, enhance their business knowledge and employability prospects in the industry. The report will focus on the last five years which have in fact seen the industry at its best and at its worst in just a few years. A number of different data sources would be utilised such as industry reports, news paper articles and various websites related to the industry. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Industry overview The hotel industry and tourism in general is one of the worlds main growth industries worth trillions of ponds globally. According to a key note report (2009) the hotel industry in the United Kingdome grew by 29.1% in four years to 2008, reaching a staggering  £15.87 billion. This growth was attributed to a number of factors, such as the high disposable income available to people, introduction of low cost airlines and the rapid expansion of budget hotel sector. With hotels that opened up to a wide range of customers combined with cheap flights and high disposable income people could have more than one holiday a year. This in turn benefited the hotel industry as a whole from both foreign and domestic tourists. This vibrant growth, however, has seen a change in its fortunes in the last two years, due to a number of factors but mainly the economical downturn. In 2008 global economy took a turn for the worst and the problem deepened in 2009, leading to recession in most developed economies and UK was no exception. This had an immediate impact on holiday purchasing with research suggesting that a significant proportion of adults thinking of saving money by having a domestic holiday in 2009, while 25% of them were worried they could not afford a holiday at all (KeyNote 10). This has led to many hotels adapting to the situation by reducing prices or offering lucrative promotional deals to meet the market expectations and improve sales. The hotel industry could be divided into two sectors, corporate and consumer both providing services to meet their particular clients needs. The first one includes accommodations paid by businesses, for business travel purposes and the latter is paid by consumers for non-business reasons. A grading scale based on a star system is used to classify the quality and range of service provided by the company. The grading is comprised of 1-5 stars, where one star represents simple accommodation with no thrills attached and five stars represent exceptional quality of service with some degree of luxury. In some situations Silver or Gold may be added to Hotels that exceed the requirements under the star system. It is estimated that 1 one in every 10 people in the UK is employed in the Hospitality industry, in other words over 1.96 million (2007) people working in around 300,000 establishments across the country. Overall employment in this industry grew by 5% in 2007 but the Hotel sector had the lowest growth with only 2.7% adding another 6,500 jobs to the existing 238,500 jobs that existed in the previous year (Table 1.2). Major cities accounts for the highest concentration of hotels in the UK and are thought to attract the highest level of tourism activity with London leading the way. Market size trends During the economic boom of the late 90s and early part of this decade the Hotel Industry has expanded rapidly benefiting from a number of factors mainly related to economic growth an improved technology. The increasing globalisation of a lot of companies necessitated more corporate travel and accommodation. Being the financial centre of Europe and to some extent the world, London benefited a great deal from this rich consumer source. A lot of hotel groups responded to this by investing on their brands, positioning their portfolios to more upscale four/five star properties. In addition, the budget hotel sector was developed to suit a wider range of consumers as well as businesses. All was made even easier for consumers by the development of the internet. This allowed easy comparison in terms of price and guest facilities on offer, as well as a more convenient way to book them. Internet is now thriving with 34,104,175 or 57.2% of population having access to it in the UK spending an av erage of ten hours a month online (www.theanswerbank). In spite of the healthy growth experienced in the last two decades and the excitement of the coming Olympic Games London 2012, the industry has in 2009 suffered a setback. This was due to the recession that affected almost every developed or developing economy in the world. In the first quarter of 2009, the UK saw a fall in visits by one million, although statistics show that spending remained relatively the same as the corresponding time of the preceding year (table1.1). This could be accredited to the weaker pound which slummed at record lows both against the Euro and American Dollar at 75.86p to the Euro and $ 1.375 (bbc.co.uk). In 2008 there were 31.9 million visits in the UK producing on average  £512 of spending each, generating over  £16.3 billion of revenue for the economy. This however is considerably smaller than the spending generated by the internal visits of UK residents which marked  £21.1 billion for the same period, though slightly down from the previous year. The total spending generated by both UK and Overseas visits for 2008 was just above  £37.4 billion, 0.4% higher than 2007 (table 1.1). Hotel industry takes just above 42% of this wealth, in other words  £15.87 billion. During the peak of recession there was a significant increase on short-term holidays taken domestically. Though, as the economy comes out of recession domestic holidays are predicted to fall by 7.7% with a similar decline on value between 2009 and 2013. Holidays abroad on the other hand are forecasted to increase by over 16% between those years. (KeyNote) According to government data turnover in the hotel market gradually increased on average by 6.6% between 2004 and 2008. Key Note forecasted a 6.8% (appendix 4) decrease in total revenue for the following year but expects an upward trend from 2010, peaking in 2013 to 4.8% or 16.99 billion in total. Room occupancy which is a key indicator to measure the amount of business carried out by hotels was at 76% in 2007 according to VisitBritain but decreased in the following two years to 68% in 2009. Economic trends In the last five years the UK economy has seen some of its best and worst days. After the healthy growth that the economy had enjoyed in the early part of the decade came the downturn that succeeded in the second half of it. As a result of the global credit squeeze, 2007-09 proved to be a bumpy ride for the economy, enforcing banks to take a tougher line on lending. This caused a sharp fall in consumer spending, with unpleasant consequences for most industries. In 2005 research showed that productivity growth had slumped and business investment was at a record low, consequently the British economy was growing at a rate slower than the average growth for other developed economies, falling well short of chancellors budget prediction. Table 1.4 shows the GDP performance in the last five years to 2008. It is evident that GDP plunged in 2008 to only 0.7 and performing at its worse in the 3rd quarter of 2008 when the economy fell into a recession registering a -6% drop (nationalstatistics.co.uk). GDP started to recover late in the 4th quarter of 2009 when it was just under stagnation point and first signs of getting out of recession appearing in the first quarter of 2010. According to national statistics growth in the first quarter of this year register a 0.2% increase. The same source suggests that during the same quarter distribution, hotels and restaurants fell by 0.7% compared with an increase of 1.9 per cent in the previous quarter. Appendix 1 shows how this recession compares to the previous two in the 80s and 90s. It appears that last recession was the hardest of the three but seems to be the shortest of the three. High energy prices in the world markets (highest being $136.24 a barrel, 2008, appendix 2), forced inflation rates rise to record heights in September 2008 to 5.2% well above the Bank of Englands target of 2%. This increase forced the Bank to raise interest rates three times since summer 2006 with highest being in July 07 at 5.75% (BBC, 29/11/07). Although, this spike in inflation became less of e concern for the Governor as recession was deemed the major threat to the economy. This then led the Bank England to repeatedly lower interest rates reaching its lowest point at 0.5% in March 09 and hoping for the inflation to melt away. In fact that is exactly what happened with inflation rates falling to 1.1% in September 2009, the lowest since 2004. (thisismoney.co.uk) Increase in fuel prices is bound to raise travel costs for millions of people. High fuel prices, rise in interest rates and inflation followed with the credit squeeze effects are also leaving people with less disposable income. This is having a negative effect on consumer spending as it is getting difficult for consumers to keep up with credit payments (credit cards/mortgages/loans). Therefore, loss in consumer confidence may result in less spending on holidays consequently impacting on industry profitability. Competition According to National Statistics there are 10,195 hotels in the country and the majority of those establishments generate less than  £1 million annual turnover (appendix 5). This has not stopped competition in the industry intensifying in recent years, narrowing the gap between budget and midmarket hotels. However, its still the large chains/midmarket hotels that win the marketing battle by spending large sums on brand building. This has become a very important feature and most hotels are now seeking to develop stronger identity that would target both consumer and corporate sectors more effectively. Among others, Premier in was one of the largest spenders on media advertising in 2009, spending over  £5.5 millions on promotional activities followed by Travel Lodge who spent just under  £3 million. In addition to this the large chains have focused on seasonal offers and lowering their prices. For example, in autumn 2009 Travel Lodge lunched room sales for the next spring, offering rooms for as low as  £12 a night. Also these midmarket establishments have more flexibility to offer packages or meals to attract a larger, more price conscious market. Low budget hotels on the other hand have responded to this by providing more facilities and services than before as well as including more offers on their websites. Table 1.8 shows some of the major players in the United Kingdome and their relative annual turnover. InterContinental Hotels Group PLC seems to lead the way with close to  £2 billion annual turnover from which  £302 million were pre-tax profit. The company has a number of brands under its umbrella such as Crowne Plaza, Hotel Indigo, Holiday Inn, Express by Holiday Inn, Staybridge Suites and Candlewood Suites operating in around 100 countries offering 630,000 rooms. Second in this list follows, Millennium Copthorne Hotels PLC with an annual turnover of  £703 million and pre-tax profits of  £103 millions. The company fosters four different brands including Millennium and Grand millennium Hotels, Capthorn Hotels and Kingsgate Hotels. Recently it has recently expanded with seven new hotels in China and Middle East. Accor UK Business Leisure Hotels Ltd is owned by Accor a French based group which has 15 different brands under its umbrella varying from luxury to economy accommodation. The UK based subsidiary generates an annual turnover of  £198 million of which  £37.5 million pre-tax profit. Travelodge which is owned by Dubai International Capital is the next in line generating an annual turnover of  £287 million and a pre-tax profit of  £16.5 million. The company is rapidly expanding both in UK and main land Europe, with 29 hotels planed to be built in UK in 2009 and 100 in Spain by 2020. De Vere Hotels Leisure Ltd operates two hotel chains generating a total annual turnover of  £248 million by combining a 100 bedroom hotels and fitness clubs. The company is owned by Alternative Hotel Group which is aiming to rebrand the De Vere portfolio under Deluxe, Heritage and Venue options, differentiating the accommodation offer. Tourism There was a slight drop in the number of overseas residents visiting Britain for business reasons in 2007/8 as a lot of companies tightened their budgets on travel expenditure. This has resulted in low room and bedspace occupancy levels which dropped to a 4 year low (426.2 million bed nights) with serious consequences for the hotel market. The following year was a very difficult year for tourism, experiencing a significant drop in visit numbers. 2010 is also expected to be somewhat difficult for the industry, with substantial improvement expected to start only in 2011. However, according to a keynote report on travel and tourism, research suggests that 1/3 adults in the Britain has taken at least one holiday in the last 12 months and 1/5 of them having taken three or more for the same period. Still, the economic downturn forced a lot of suppliers, including the package tour operators, to react by reducing their capacity and cutting the number of holidays on offer. UK continues to be an attractive place in the international holiday market and this is very important for the long term prospects of the hotel industry. The coming decade which has been described by many commentators as the golden decade of sport because of the many different international events due to take place in UK (table 1.7) is exiting times for the industry. Overseas spectator numbers to these events will provide a necessary boost for the hotel market. Records based on previous similar events staged by other countries in recent years show that hotel profitability increased as a direct result. BigHospitality referring to VisitEngland research suggests that tourism industry in the United Kingdome could be worth a staggering  £147 billion by 2020 with the potential of creating over 225,000 new jobs in the industry. This would be a 52% increase from the current estimated value of  £97 billion. Though smaller than the domestic spending in hotel sector, the international tourism is a significant contributor to total revenue. Only London, which earns over  £8bn from overseas visitors, depends more on the overseas visitor than on the home market. Employment and Demographics According to BBC unemployment in UK continued with its downward trend until August 2007, falling by 5000 in the second quarter of 07 to 1.65 million where it maintained one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe at 5.5% but slightly higher than that of USA. ONS figures also showed that average earnings rose by 3.7% during the same quarter, beating expectations of a 3.6% rise. However, theses prosperous years were soon over and low unemployment was history. According to the national statistics, employment has seen a dramatic fall in the last three years reaching its lowest point since 1996 when it hit 72.1% or 28.82 million in February 2010 (appendix 3). In the last quarter to February there was a decrease in both part-time and full time employment totalling 89.000. The number of people working only part-time because they could not find full time employment increased during the same quarter to reach 1.05 million, the highest figure since 1992. The overall unemployment rate recorded 8.0%, in other words 2.5 million, higher than any time since September 1996. The inactivity rate in the first quarter of 2010 was at 21.5%, the highest since 2004. This added another 110,000 to the total figure, reaching a record high of 8.16 million people considered inactive in UK. Though, this could be as a result of a relatively large number of young people choosing to go into education after finishing their secondary school rather than go straight to the labour market. Population in the United Kingdome has continuously increased in recent years reaching 61.4 million in 2008, an increase this of over 9% in just five years (KeyNote). This was due to the high influx of migrants from the newly joined EU member states from Eastern Europe. This trend of population growth is forecasted to continue to the end of the century. Britains population is predicted to reach 71 million within 25 years, 78 million within 50 years and 85 million by 2081 (The Guardian, 28/11/07). This 39.6% growth (from 59,834,300 in 2004) represents an opportunity for steady market growth in UK in the next 78 years. The hotel industry is likely to benefit substantially from this if the lifestyle people have grown to enjoy in the last 20 years continue to be the norm. SWOT Strength UK is seen as a major tourist destination and has in place a good promotional and support system for tourists such as VisitBritain. The UK market incorporates a number of internationally well-known hotel brands and chains. Short term leisure breaks have risen due to high disposable income over the last decade. The development of the budget hotel sector opened the hotel market to a wider range of clients. The Internet has facilitated easier choice and booking of facilities. Weaknesses The industrys performance is highly dependable on the performance of the wider economy. The market seems to be over supplied in term of room numbers and this seems to keep room occupancy levels rather low at 60% average. Budget and upscale hotels seems to be putting the midmarket establishments under pressure. Continuing investment is necessary to maintain properties at a high standard. Opportunities A number of international sports event planned to be staged in UK between now and 2019 Western Balkans expected to join the European Union soon which would allow for more tourists from that region visit Britain. Forecasted growth of inbound visits till 2014 Steady population growth well into the century which would boost demand for travel and tourism and consequently Hotel facilities. Threats Some EU economies suffering from high deficits may be forced to freeze or lower wages all together in their public sectors. This could impact the numbers of overseas visits to UK which would adversely affect the turn over and consequently profits in the hotel industry It may get harder to raise expansion capital due to falling property values. High unemployment rates in UK could mean that people may not be able to afford holidays. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION The success of the industry is dependable on a lot of external factors and this was most clearly evident during the last economic downturn. However, in todays world globalisation plays an important role both in leisure and commerce. Therefore, hotel industry which is now well established will be a sector that would commend high demand for its services in the future. History shows that hotel industry has bounced back in the past after suffering similar setbacks. This will certainly be the case this time round with the first signs of recovery already in sight. At glance it appears that the industry has learned from previous downturns responding to it by adjusting prices and offers to look more attractive. Seeing that the largest share of revenue comes from internal visits and many EU economies risking Bankruptcy, it would be wise to try and encourage more British people spend their vacations in the UK. In the meantime the coming decade with its sports events to be held here presents a great opportunity for the industry. Therefore, companies should take advantage of this by planning ahead so they would have sufficient bed/room space to meet the demand. Although trading at the moment is rather low in comparison to pre-recession time and raising capital for further development has become harder. It is worth remembering that hotel projects take a relatively long time to materialise and now may be the time to start thinking for the future. As the economy recovers the hoteliers should also seek to build occupancy back, perhaps through further competitive pricing and promotional deals with the aim to reinstate RevPar growth. APPENDICIES AND TABLES Table 1.1. Overseas residents visits to the UK and the expenditure in the UK (Million,  £million and  £) 2004-09 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008 Q1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   2009 Q1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   Number of overseas visitors (million) 27.8 30 32.7 32.8 31.9 7.2 6.2 Expenditure ( £m) 13.047 14.248 16.002 15.960 16.323 3.129 3.128 Average expenditure per visit ( £) 469 475 489 487 512 435 505 UK residents Expenditure ( £m) 21,238 21,107 Q1- first qarter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   Seasonally adjusted Note: expenditure figures refer to total spending by visitors not solely accommodation/hotel costs Source. International Passenger survey (MQ6, Quarter 1 2009) National Statistics Table 1.2: EMPLOYMENT IN THE UK HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY 2004-2007 2004* 2005* 2006 2007 Contract food service  providers 179,600 178,300 182,600 181,600 Hotels 247,100 238,400 238,500 245,000 Pubs, bars and nightclubs 368,400 333,900 297,700 319,600 Restaurants   518,700   514,700   499,700   526,700 Hospitality services   402,100   379,900   390,300   417,400 TOTAL WORKFORCE   1,917,300   1,843,000   1,866,300   1,960,700 Source: Labour Force Survey www.caterersearch.com Table 1.3: UK resident population estimates 2004-08 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Population (000) 59,846 60,238 60,587 60,975 61,412 % change year on year 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 Source: Monthly Digest of Statistics, August 2009, statistics.gov.uk Table1.4: UK GDP at Current and Annual Chain-Link Prices ( £m), 2004-08 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Current Prices 1,202,956 1,254,058 1,325,795 1,398,882 1,446,113 % change 4.2 5.7 5.5 3.4 Annual Chain-Link 1,227,387 1,254,058 1,289,833 1,322,842 1,332,652 % change 2.2 2.9 2.6 0.7 Source: Economic and Labour review, August 09, statistics.gov.uk Table 1.5. UK rate of inflation (%) 2004-2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Inflation (%) 3.0 2.8 3.2 4.3 4.0 Change year on year -0.2 0.4 1.1 -0.3 Source: Monthly Digest of Statistics August 2009, National Statistics website Table 1.6: Proportion of nights spent and expenditure on hotels, motels or guest houses and other accommodation in the UK by UK and Overseas residents (%) 2007 2008 Nights (%) Expenditure (%) 2007 2008 2007 2008 UK Residents Hotel, motel or guest house 23 23 46 48 Other accommodation 77 77 54 52 Overseas residents Hotel, motel or guest house 23 22 50 50 Other accommodation 77 78 50 50 Source: UK Tourism survey 2007 and 2008, VisitBritain/International Passenger survey 2007 and 2008, National Statistics. Table 1.7: Golden decade of sports Event Sport Year Location Ryder Cup Golf 2010 Wales Olympic Games Various 2012 London Commonwealth Games Various 2014 Glasgow Rugby World Cup Rugby 2015 England World Cup Football 2018 UK Cricket World Cup Cricket 2019 England Table 1.8: Major Players in UK Hotel Industry Company Revenue per year ( £m) Accor UK Business Leisure Hotels Ltd 198.3 De Vere Hotels Leisure Ltd 248.2 Guoman Hotels Ltd 220.4 Hilton International Hotels (UK) Ltd 58.10 InterContinental Hotels Group PLC 1,850.00 Macdonald Hotels Ltd 135.4 Marriott Hotels Ltd 149.5 Millennium Copthorne Hotels PLC 702.9 Premier Inn Hotels Ltd 159.5 Travelodge Hotels Ltd 287 Source: KeyNote Appendix 1: The Economy in three recessions (bbc.co.uk) Appendix 2: Oil price rise 2000-07 (bbc.co.uk) Appendix 3: Employment (statistics.gov.uk) Appendix 4: UK Hotel Market Forecast. Appendix 5: Number of establishments

Education Philosophy Statement :: Teaching School Reflective Writing Essays

Education Philosophy Statement Webster’s dictionary defines the word educate as to develop and cultivate mentally or morally; train; instruct; teach. I would like to be someone who educates because educators, or teachers, help people and have an influence over people. A teacher is someone who gets respect and is looked up to by others. I want to be a teacher because I want to be able to help people and make an impact on someone’s life. When I become a teacher, I want to have a neat and orderly classroom. I want the children in my class to be comfortable and in the best environment for learning. When I seat the children, I want them to be sitting facing my desk and the chalkboard so that it will be easier for them to pay attention and it will be easier for them to see what I am doing. I want to switch the student’s seating arrangement every few weeks so that the children will be exposed to all the other children in the classroom at one point. Hopefully, by switching the seats around often, it will discourage discrimination and let the children make new friends. The bulletin boards in my classroom will be bright and cheery colors so that the room will seem friendly and happy. On my bulletin boards I would like to have a calendar that shows each child’s birthday for that month. As for the materials that will be in my classroom, I would like each child to have a clear plastic box wi th their name on it. These boxes will contain materials that the child may need such as scissors, crayons, markers, etc. These boxes will be placed on a shelf where the children will be able to reach them with permission. As for the projects that will take place in my classroom, they will be age appropriate. For example if I had older children, such as fourth graders, I might have a hamster cage in the classroom. Each weekend I would send the hamster, cage, and food home with the student, granted I had permission from the parents, so they could care for the hamster and learn to have responsibility. Education Philosophy Statement :: Teaching School Reflective Writing Essays Education Philosophy Statement Webster’s dictionary defines the word educate as to develop and cultivate mentally or morally; train; instruct; teach. I would like to be someone who educates because educators, or teachers, help people and have an influence over people. A teacher is someone who gets respect and is looked up to by others. I want to be a teacher because I want to be able to help people and make an impact on someone’s life. When I become a teacher, I want to have a neat and orderly classroom. I want the children in my class to be comfortable and in the best environment for learning. When I seat the children, I want them to be sitting facing my desk and the chalkboard so that it will be easier for them to pay attention and it will be easier for them to see what I am doing. I want to switch the student’s seating arrangement every few weeks so that the children will be exposed to all the other children in the classroom at one point. Hopefully, by switching the seats around often, it will discourage discrimination and let the children make new friends. The bulletin boards in my classroom will be bright and cheery colors so that the room will seem friendly and happy. On my bulletin boards I would like to have a calendar that shows each child’s birthday for that month. As for the materials that will be in my classroom, I would like each child to have a clear plastic box wi th their name on it. These boxes will contain materials that the child may need such as scissors, crayons, markers, etc. These boxes will be placed on a shelf where the children will be able to reach them with permission. As for the projects that will take place in my classroom, they will be age appropriate. For example if I had older children, such as fourth graders, I might have a hamster cage in the classroom. Each weekend I would send the hamster, cage, and food home with the student, granted I had permission from the parents, so they could care for the hamster and learn to have responsibility.

Environment and Feminism - Ecofeminist Theory and Sustainable Developme

Ecofeminist Theory and Sustainable Development "People have to be able to work together if they are to realize the shared destiny and to preserve a habitable environment for generations to come." Albert Bandura, 1995 Bandura's words epitomize the spirit of environmental education and its challenges of community cooperation, trans-generational communication and sustainable development. The success of these challenges depends on the ability to pass on knowledge about the environment to future generations in order for them to better understand how to maintain a sustainable relationship with nature. In this era of globalization and neo-liberalist policies, maintaining a sustainable relationship with the environment needs to be examined not just from an ecological perspective, but also from political and social angles. Since environmental issues are often connected to social and political concerns, a theoretical framework that encompasses a wider ideology may facilitate an understanding of the interconnectedness of ecological issues. Deep ecology, institutional environmentalism, green political theory, and possibly other schools of thought forge connections between environmental, political and social concerns. Ecofeminism emerges as an alternative theory for framing the issues and answers of sustainable development. An ecofeminist perspective more fully describes the connections between environmental degradation and the social inequalities that plague the poverty-stricken victims of pollution, urbanization, deforestation, and other by-products of over-development. Finally, it is important to include ecofeminist theory in a discussion of sustainable development, because "in a patriarchal society, failure to recognize the int... ...w. Milbrath, Lester. (1989). Envisioning a Sustainable Society. Learning Our Way Out. Albany: SUNY Press. Pomeroy, Robert S. (1987). "The Role of Women and Children in Small Scale Fishing Households: A Case Study in Matalom, Leyte, Philippines." Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. v.15, 1987, pp.353-360. Salleh, Ariel K. (1988). "Epistemology and the Metaphors of Production: An Ecofeminist Reading of Critical theory." Studies in the Humanities. 5(2), pp. 130-39. UN Chronicle. (1995). "Empowering Women: More Education, Better Health Care, Less Poverty." United Nations Chronicle. v.32 (June '95) p.46-47. New York: United Nations Department of Public Information. Warren, Karen. (1996). "Ecological Feminist Philosophies: An Overview of the Issues." In Karen Warren (Ed.), Ecological Feminist Philosophies. Bloomington, ID: Indiana University Press.